Neural prostheses are bio-hybrid devices that interface electrodes with human tissue to stimulate neurons or record their activity. Conventional neural interfaces require surgical insertion of electrodes into the tissue to form contact with target cells and do not coherently integrate with the surrounding tissue. To overcome these limitations, advanced micro/nano-implants are proposed, which incorporate soft and nanomaterials featuring biophysical responsiveness, biocompatibility, and compliant design. In this review, we describe how stimuli-responsive nanotechnology and deformable materials have contributed to miniaturization, high-resolution operation, and biocompatibility in neuromodulation strategies, with a focus on nanoscaled neurotechnologies that affect neural tissue growth and functionality. We conclude by highlighting future directions for biocompliant and translatable neuromodulation across a combination of nanotransducers, soft implantable materials, and computationally guided interface design.

神经假体是生物混合设备，将电极与人体组织连接以刺激神经元或记录其活动。传统的神经接口需要通过手术将电极插入组织中以与靶细胞形成接触，并且不与周围组织一致地整合。为了克服这些限制，提出了先进的微/纳米植入物，其中结合了具有生物物理响应性、生物相容性和顺应性设计的软质和纳米材料。在这篇综述中，我们描述了刺激响应纳米技术和可变形材料如何促进神经调节策略的小型化、高分辨率操作和生物相容性，重点关注影响神经组织生长和功能的纳米级神经技术。最后，我们强调了纳米传感器、软植入材料和计算引导界面设计相结合的生物顺应性和可翻译神经调节的未来方向。