This paper analyzes incomes and income inequality in Stockholm from 1870 to 1970. The paper builds on a new dataset of 38,022 randomly sampled Stockholm residents 1870–1950, with information on income, occupation, age, gender, and household composition. This is complemented by the Census of 1930 and a Statistics Sweden sample for 1960 and 1970. Incomes were very unequally distributed between 1870 and 1920, with Gini coefficients of pre-tax income around sixty. After 1920 inequality fell quite steadily. A drop in capital incomes contributed, and when looking at post-tax incomes the growth of progressive taxation after 1930 also contributed, but most of the high inequality up to 1920 and equalization after this date depended on the distribution of labour income. In the early 1900s professional groups had huge income advantages over workers, but this advantage was drastically reduced after 1920 when working-class incomes grew rapidly. An important mechanism of income growth was the upgrading of the jobs structure, highlighting the importance of structural change, beyond the Kuznetsian binary of agriculture–manufacturing, for understanding long-run economic inequality.

中文翻译：

---

斯德哥尔摩的收入和收入不平等，1870-1970 年：来自微观数据的证据

本文分析了 1870 年至 1970 年斯德哥尔摩的收入和收入不平等。本文基于 1870 年至 1950 年随机抽样的 38,022 名斯德哥尔摩居民的新数据集，包含收入、职业、年龄、性别和家庭构成等信息。 1930 年的人口普查以及瑞典统计局 1960 年和 1970 年的样本对此进行了补充。1870 年至 1920 年间，收入分配非常不平等，税前收入的基尼系数约为 60。 1920 年后，不平等现象稳步下降。资本收入的下降是其中的一个因素，从税后收入来看，1930年后累进税制的增长也起到了一定的作用，但1920年之前的高度不平等和该日期之后的均等化大部分取决于劳动收入的分配。 1900年代初，专业群体相对于工人有巨大的收入优势，但这种优势在1920年工人阶级收入快速增长后急剧减弱。收入增长的一个重要机制是就业结构的升级，这凸显了超越库兹涅茨式的农业与制造业二元结构变革对于理解长期经济不平等的重要性。