Despite important advances, gender-based discrimination continues to hinder women's career progress. This review examines the role that gender stereotypes play in promoting gender bias and discrimination. After reviewing what is known about the content of gender stereotypes and examining both their descriptive and prescriptive aspects, we discuss two pathways through which stereotypes result in discrepant work outcomes for women and men. First, we consider how the characterization of women as communal but not agentic conflicts with the perceived demands of many male gender-typed jobs and fields, thus promoting perceptions of women's lack of competence in those areas. Second, we consider how norms about how women should and should not behave cause women to incur penalties when they exhibit counter-stereotypical attributes and behaviors at work. Our review further focuses on the conditions that foster or undercut gender bias and discrimination and uses this knowledge as a foundation for proposing strategies to promote more egalitarian organizational processes.

中文翻译：

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职场女性：从性别刻板印象到性别偏见和歧视的途径


尽管取得了重大进展，但基于性别的歧视继续阻碍女性的职业发展。本综述研究了性别刻板印象在促进性别偏见和歧视方面的作用。在回顾了对性别刻板印象内容的已知内容并研究了它们的描述性和规定性方面之后，我们讨论了刻板印象导致女性和男性工作结果不同的两种途径。首先，我们考虑了将女性描述为公共而非代理性的特征如何与许多男性性别类型的工作和领域的感知需求发生冲突，从而促进了女性在这些领域缺乏能力的看法。其次，我们考虑了关于女性应该如何和不应该如何行为的规范如何导致女性在工作中表现出反刻板印象的属性和行为时受到惩罚。我们的审查进一步关注滋生或削弱性别偏见和歧视的条件，并将这些知识作为提出促进更平等的组织流程的策略的基础。