Despite important advances, gender-based discrimination continues to hinder women's career progress. This review examines the role that gender stereotypes play in promoting gender bias and discrimination. After reviewing what is known about the content of gender stereotypes and examining both their descriptive and prescriptive aspects, we discuss two pathways through which stereotypes result in discrepant work outcomes for women and men. First, we consider how the characterization of women as communal but not agentic conflicts with the perceived demands of many male gender-typed jobs and fields, thus promoting perceptions of women's lack of competence in those areas. Second, we consider how norms about how women should and should not behave cause women to incur penalties when they exhibit counter-stereotypical attributes and behaviors at work. Our review further focuses on the conditions that foster or undercut gender bias and discrimination and uses this knowledge as a foundation for proposing strategies to promote more egalitarian organizational processes.

中文翻译：

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工作中的女性：从性别刻板印象到性别偏见和歧视的途径


尽管取得了重要进展，但基于性别的歧视继续阻碍妇女的职业进步。本综述探讨了性别陈规定型观念在助长性别偏见和歧视方面所发挥的作用。在回顾了已知的性别刻板印象的内容并检查了其描述性和规范性方面之后，我们讨论了刻板印象导致女性和男性工作结果差异的两种途径。首先，我们考虑将女性定性为公共而非代理的特征如何与许多男性性别类型的工作和领域的感知需求发生冲突，从而促进人们对女性在这些领域缺乏能力的看法。其次，我们考虑有关女性应该和不应该如何行事的规范如何导致女性在工作中表现出反刻板印象的属性和行为时受到惩罚。我们的审查进一步侧重于助长或削弱性别偏见和歧视的条件，并利用这些知识作为提出促进更加平等的组织流程的策略的基础。