Understanding the physical mechanisms that control galaxy formation is a fundamental challenge in contemporary astrophysics. Recent advances in the field of astrophysical feedback strongly suggest that cosmic rays (CRs) may be crucially important for our understanding of cosmological galaxy formation and evolution. The appealing features of CRs are their relatively long cooling times and relatively strong dynamical coupling to the gas. In galaxies, CRs can be close to equipartition with the thermal, magnetic, and turbulent energy density in the interstellar medium, and can be dynamically very important in driving large-scale galactic winds. Similarly, CRs may provide a significant contribution to the pressure in the circumgalactic medium. In galaxy clusters, CRs may play a key role in addressing the classic cooling flow problem by facilitating efficient heating of the intracluster medium and preventing excessive star formation. Overall, the underlying physics of CR interactions with plasmas exhibit broad parallels across the entire range of scales characteristic of the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intracluster media. Here we present a review of the state-of-the-art of this field and provide a pedagogical introduction to cosmic ray plasma physics, including the physics of wave–particle interactions, acceleration processes, CR spatial and spectral transport, and important cooling processes. The field is ripe for discovery and will remain the subject of intense theoretical, computational, and observational research over the next decade with profound implications for the interpretation of the observations of stellar and supermassive black hole feedback spanning the entire width of the electromagnetic spectrum and multi-messenger data.

了解控制星系形成的物理机制是当代天体物理学的一个基本挑战。天体物理反馈领域的最新进展强烈表明，宇宙射线（CR）对于我们理解宇宙星系的形成和演化可能至关重要。 CR 的吸引人的特点是其相对较长的冷却时间和相对较强的与气体的动态耦合。在星系中，CR 与星际介质中的热能、磁能和湍流能量密度接近均分，并且在动态驱动大规模星系风方面非常重要。类似地，CR 可能对环河介质中的压力做出重大贡献。在星系团中，CR 可能通过促进星系团内介质的有效加热和防止过度恒星形成，在解决经典的冷却流问题中发挥关键作用。总体而言，CR 与等离子体相互作用的基本物理现象在星际、环星系和星团内介质的整个尺度特征范围内表现出广泛的相似性。在这里，我们回顾了该领域的最新技术，并提供了宇宙射线等离子体物理学的教学介绍，包括波粒相互作用的物理学、加速过程、CR 空间和光谱传输以及重要的冷却过程。该领域的发现时机已经成熟，并且在未来十年仍将是密集的理论、计算和观测研究的主题，这对于解释跨越整个电磁频谱宽度的恒星和超大质量黑洞反馈的观测结果具有深远的影响。 - 信使数据。