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Assessment of Daily Exposure to Organophosphate Esters through PM2.5 Inhalation, Dust Ingestion, and Dermal Contact
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06174 Aleix Balasch 1 , Teresa Moreno 1 , Ethel Eljarrat 1
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06174 Aleix Balasch 1 , Teresa Moreno 1 , Ethel Eljarrat 1
Affiliation
Inhalation of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5), dust ingestion, and dermal contact with dust are important pathways for human exposure to different contaminants, such as organophosphate esters (OPE), compounds that are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. There are limited studies assessing the extent of the contamination of OPE in indoor airborne PM2.5. This study offers a novel approach by examining various indoor environments, such as homes, workplaces, and means of transport, where people typically spend their daily lives. The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of daily exposure to these pollutants. Both PM2.5 and dust samples were collected in order to determine the concentration levels of 17 different OPEs. Fifteen OPEs in PM2.5 and 16 in dust samples were detected. Concentration levels in indoor air ranged from 4.37 to 185 ng/m3 (median 24.4 ng/m3) and from 3.02 to 36.9 μg/g for the dust samples (median 10.2 μg/g). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of OPEs were calculated for adults, yielding median values of 3.97 ng/(kg bw × day) for EDIInhalation, 5.89 ng/(kg bw × day) for EDIDermal, and 1.75 ng/(kg bw × day) for EDIIngestion. Such levels lie below human health threshold risk limits, although in some cases they could be only 2 times below the threshold for carcinogenic risk, with a main contribution from tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Given this threshold proximity, additional exposure to these chemicals from other pathways, such as food ingestion, gas phase exposure, and/or inhalation of coarser particles (PM10–2.5), could therefore lead to health limit exceedances.
中文翻译:
通过 PM2.5 吸入、粉尘摄入和皮肤接触来评估每日接触有机磷酸酯的情况
吸入空气中的细颗粒物 (PM 2.5 )、摄入灰尘以及皮肤接触灰尘是人体接触不同污染物的重要途径,例如有机磷酸酯 (OPE)、广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂的化合物。评估室内空气 PM 2.5中 OPE 污染程度的研究有限。这项研究提供了一种新颖的方法,通过检查人们通常在日常生活中度过的各种室内环境,例如家庭、工作场所和交通工具。目标是对日常接触这些污染物的情况进行全面评估。收集 PM 2.5和灰尘样本以确定 17 种不同 OPE 的浓度水平。 PM 2.5中检出 15 种 OPE,灰尘样本中检出 16 种。室内空气中的浓度范围为 4.37 至 185 ng/m 3 (中位值 24.4 ng/m 3 ),灰尘样本的浓度范围为 3.02 至 36.9 μg/g(中位值 10.2 μg/g)。计算成人 OPE 的每日估计摄入量 (EDI),EDI吸入的中值为 3.97 ng/(kg bw × 天),EDI 皮肤的中值为 5.89 ng/(kg bw × 天),EDI皮肤的中值为 1.75 ng/(kg bw × 天) × 天)用于 EDI摄入。这样的水平低于人类健康阈值风险限制,尽管在某些情况下它们可能仅比致癌风险阈值低两倍,其中主要来自磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)。鉴于此阈值接近度,通过其他途径额外接触这些化学物质,例如食物摄入、气相暴露和/或吸入较粗颗粒 (PM 10-2.5),因此可能导致超出健康极限。
更新日期:2023-11-30
中文翻译:
通过 PM2.5 吸入、粉尘摄入和皮肤接触来评估每日接触有机磷酸酯的情况
吸入空气中的细颗粒物 (PM 2.5 )、摄入灰尘以及皮肤接触灰尘是人体接触不同污染物的重要途径,例如有机磷酸酯 (OPE)、广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂的化合物。评估室内空气 PM 2.5中 OPE 污染程度的研究有限。这项研究提供了一种新颖的方法,通过检查人们通常在日常生活中度过的各种室内环境,例如家庭、工作场所和交通工具。目标是对日常接触这些污染物的情况进行全面评估。收集 PM 2.5和灰尘样本以确定 17 种不同 OPE 的浓度水平。 PM 2.5中检出 15 种 OPE,灰尘样本中检出 16 种。室内空气中的浓度范围为 4.37 至 185 ng/m 3 (中位值 24.4 ng/m 3 ),灰尘样本的浓度范围为 3.02 至 36.9 μg/g(中位值 10.2 μg/g)。计算成人 OPE 的每日估计摄入量 (EDI),EDI吸入的中值为 3.97 ng/(kg bw × 天),EDI 皮肤的中值为 5.89 ng/(kg bw × 天),EDI皮肤的中值为 1.75 ng/(kg bw × 天) × 天)用于 EDI摄入。这样的水平低于人类健康阈值风险限制,尽管在某些情况下它们可能仅比致癌风险阈值低两倍,其中主要来自磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)。鉴于此阈值接近度,通过其他途径额外接触这些化学物质,例如食物摄入、气相暴露和/或吸入较粗颗粒 (PM 10-2.5),因此可能导致超出健康极限。