Gravitational waves (GWs) were recently detected for the first time. This revolutionary discovery opens a new way of learning about particle physics through GWs from first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in the early Universe. FOPTs could occur when new fundamental symmetries are spontaneously broken down to the Standard Model and are a vital ingredient in solutions of the matter anti-matter asymmetry problem. The purpose of our work is to review the path from a particle physics model to GWs, which contains many specialized parts, so here we provide a timely review of all the required steps, including: (i) building a finite-temperature effective potential in a particle physics model and checking for FOPTs; (ii) computing transition rates; (iii) analyzing the dynamics of bubbles of true vacuum expanding in a thermal plasma; (iv) characterizing a transition using thermal parameters; and, finally, (v) making predictions for GW spectra using the latest simulations and theoretical results and considering the detectability of predicted spectra at future GW detectors. For each step we emphasize the subtleties, advantages and drawbacks of different methods, discuss open questions and review the state-of-art approaches available in the literature. This provides everything a particle physicist needs to begin exploring GW phenomenology.

最近首次探测到引力波（GW）。这一革命性的发现开辟了一种通过早期宇宙一阶相变 (FOPT) 的引力波来了解粒子物理的新方法。当新的基本对称性自发地分解为标准模型时，FOPT 可能会发生，并且是解决物质反物质不对称问题的重要组成部分。我们工作的目的是回顾从粒子物理模型到引力波的路径，其中包含许多专门的部分，因此在这里我们及时回顾所有必需的步骤，包括：（i ）在粒子物理模型并检查 FOPT；(ii)计算转换率；(iii)分析真真空气泡在热等离子体中膨胀的动力学；(iv)使用热参数表征转变；最后，(v)使用最新的模拟和理论结果对引力波光谱进行预测，并考虑预测光谱在未来引力波探测器上的可检测性。对于每一步，我们都强调不同方法的微妙之处、优点和缺点，讨论开放性问题并回顾文献中可用的最先进方法。这提供了粒子物理学家开始探索引力波现象学所需的一切。