Maps provide a data framework for the statistical analysis of georeferenced data observations. Since the middle of the twentieth century, the field of spatial statistics has evolved to address key inferential questions relating to spatially defined data, yet many central statistical properties do not translate to spatially indexed and spatially correlated data, and the development of statistical inference for mapped data remains an active area of research. Rather than review statistical techniques, we review the different ways the maps of georeferenced data can influence statistical analysis, focusing especially on maps as data visualization, maps as data structures, and maps as statistics themselves, i.e., summaries of underlying patterns with accompanying uncertainty. The categories provide connections to disparate literatures addressing spatial analysis including data visualization, cartography, spatial statistics, and geography. We find maps integrate spatial analysis from motivating questions, informing analytic methods, and providing context for results.

中文翻译：

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 地图：统计视图


地图为地理配准数据观测值的统计分析提供了数据框架。自 20 世纪中叶以来，空间统计领域已经发展到解决与空间定义数据相关的关键推理问题，但许多中心统计属性并未转化为空间索引和空间相关数据，映射数据的统计推断的发展仍然是一个活跃的研究领域。我们不是回顾统计技术，而是回顾地理参考数据的地图影响统计分析的不同方式，特别关注作为数据可视化的地图、作为数据结构的地图和作为统计本身的地图，即带有不确定性的潜在模式的总结。这些类别提供了与空间分析的不同文献的联系，包括数据可视化、制图、空间统计和地理。我们发现地图通过激发问题、为分析方法提供信息以及为结果提供背景来集成空间分析。