The new, developing bureaucratic procedures in the nineteenth century had wide-ranging influence over the Ottoman ulema in such areas as professionalization, performance evaluations, examinations f...

中文翻译：

---

乌里玛担任伊尔米耶职务的任命机制

十九世纪新的、不断发展的官僚程序在专业化、绩效评估、考试等领域对奥斯曼乌里玛产生了广泛的影响。