The end of the First World War was a crucial time for nationalist leaders and minority communities across the European continent and beyond. The impact of the post-war spread of self-determination on the redrawing of Eastern European borders and on the claims of colonial independence movements has been extensively researched. By contrast, the international historiography has paid little attention to minority nationalist movements in Western Europe. This article focuses on three regions (Catalonia, Flanders and South Tyrol) that experienced considerable sub-state national mobilization in the interwar period. We aim to understand whether the leaders of Western European minorities and stateless nations shared the same enthusiasm as their anti-colonial and Eastern European counterparts for the new international order that self-determination seemed to foreshadow in the months following the end of the First World War. Because the American President Woodrow Wilson stood out as the most prominent purveyor of the new international legitimacy of self-determination, the article further examines how Western European nationalist movements exploited Wilson's image and advocacy to achieve their own goals. Nationalist forces in Catalonia, Flanders and South Tyrol initially mobilized self-determination and referred to Wilson as a symbol of national liberation, but this instrumentalization of self-determination was not sustained. Large-scale mobilization occurred only in Catalonia, and, even there, it disappeared suddenly in spring 1919. Furthermore, sub-state nationalist movements in Western Europe tended to mobilize self-determination to gain regional autonomy, rather than full independence, thus pursuing internal, not external, self-determination. The willingness of these movements to privilege autonomy over full independence made them more receptive to compromise. Radical forces would become stronger only in the 1930s and largely for reasons not directly connected to the post-war mobilization around self-determination.

中文翻译：

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自治高于独立：第一次世界大战后加泰罗尼亚、佛兰德斯和南蒂罗尔的自决。

第一次世界大战的结束对于欧洲大陆及其他地区的民族主义领导人和少数民族社区来说是一个关键时刻。战后自决权的传播对东欧边界重新划定和殖民独立运动主张的影响已得到广泛研究。相比之下，国际史学很少关注西欧的少数民族民族主义运动。本文重点关注在两次世界大战期间经历了大量次国家动员的三个地区（加泰罗尼亚、佛兰德斯和南蒂罗尔）。我们的目的是了解西欧少数民族和无国籍国家的领导人是否与他们的反殖民和东欧同行一样热衷于新的国际秩序，自决似乎在第一次世界大战结束后的几个月里预示着这一秩序。由于美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊 (Woodrow Wilson) 是新的自决国际合法性最重要的提供者，本文进一步探讨了西欧民族主义运动如何利用威尔逊的形象和主张来实现自己的目标。加泰罗尼亚、佛兰德斯和南蒂罗尔的民族主义势力最初动员了自决，并将威尔逊视为民族解放的象征，但这种自决的工具化并没有持续下去。大规模的动员只发生在加泰罗尼亚，即使在那里，它也在1919年春天突然消失了。此外，西欧的次国家民族主义运动倾向于动员自决来获得地区自治，而不是完全独立，从而追求内部独立。 ，不是外在的，是自我决定的。这些运动愿意优先考虑自治而不是完全独立，这使得他们更愿意妥协。激进势力直到 20 世纪 30 年代才会变得更加强大，而且很大程度上是因为与战后围绕自决的动员没有直接关系的原因。