PURPOSE Narrative reviews have suggested that post-activation induced by warm-up routines is effective to increase endurance exercise performance in real-world scenarios. However, systematic reviews with meta-analysis (SRMA) rather than narrative ones are required to provide an up-to-date summary of the evidence and provide directions for practical decisions. Therefore, we systematically reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature to determine the certainty of evidence and the relative effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in endurance exercises. METHODS The effects of PAPE on endurance performance were meta-analyzed as a standardized mean difference (SMD) from control conditions within a random-effects model considering polled data and subgroups (PAPE strategies, endurance test modalities, and VO2MAX-based endurance level). RESULTS Eligible studies (n = 35) showed a high risk of bias due to methodological flaws in randomization and blinding procedures. A meta-analysis including 57 comparisons (432 participants) revealed a significant, but very small PAPE effect on endurance performance (Z = 2.49; SMD = 0.15 - very small; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.28) due to exceptional effect sizes reported by two studies (SMD of 2.85 and 2.14). We also observed that neither PAPE strategies nor endurance test modalities or VO2MAX-based endurance levels influenced the PAPE effects on endurance performance. Meta-regression showed that PAPE effects were neither correlated with the time interval between conditioning routines and endurance exercise, nor with endurance exercise duration. We found a very low certainty of evidence that PAPE potentiates endurance performance. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analyses of bias and certainty of evidence, we found no support to recommend PAPE strategies to improve endurance exercise performance. Significant, but very small PAPE effects on endurance performance were due to two exceptional effect sizes.

中文翻译：

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没有证据表明耐力运动的激活后表现有所增强：全面的系统回顾和荟萃分析。

目的 叙述性评论表明，热身程序引起的后激活可有效提高现实场景中的耐力运动表现。然而，需要通过荟萃分析（SRMA）而不是叙述性综述来提供最新的证据总结并为实际决策提供指导。因此，我们系统地回顾了同行评审和灰色文献，以确定证据的确定性以及耐力训练中激活后表现增强（PAPE）的相对效果。方法 PAPE 对耐力表现的影响被荟萃分析为与随机效应模型内的控制条件的标准化平均差 (SMD)，考虑了调查数据和亚组（PAPE 策略、耐力测试模式和基于 VO2MAX 的耐力水平）。结果 合格的研究（n = 35）显示，由于随机化和盲法程序中的方法学缺陷，存在较高的偏倚风险。一项包含 57 项比较（432 名参与者）的荟萃分析显示，PAPE 对耐力表现有显着但非常小的影响（Z = 2.49；SMD = 0.15 - 非常小；95% CI 0.03 至 0.28），这是由于两个人报告的特殊影响大小研究（SMD 为 2.85 和 2.14）。我们还观察到，PAPE 策略、耐力测试模式或基于 VO2MAX 的耐力水平都不影响 PAPE 对耐力表现的影响。荟萃回归显示，PAPE 效果与体能训练和耐力运动之间的时间间隔以及耐力运动持续时间均不相关。我们发现 PAPE 增强耐力表现的证据质量非常低。结论 根据偏倚和证据确定性分析，我们发现没有证据支持推荐 PAPE 策略来提高耐力运动表现。PAPE 对耐力表现的显着但非常小的影响是由于两个特殊的影响大小造成的。