Currently, cancer threatens the quality of human life. There have been 44 drugs for various cancer diseases among 200 drugs which were top pharmaceuticals by retail sales around the world, suggesting their huge demand for human health. An effective and novel diagnosis method for cancerous diseases is urgently needed for planning and evaluating treatment procedures. Since the micro-environments of normal and cancer cells show different behaviors, they provide us with new possibilities for designing and developing suitable fluorescent probes relating to the behavior of cancer generation. The visualization of these cancer-relevant biomarkers is significantly meaningful to show the overall distribution of biomarkers at different distributions and depths in biological tissue, benefiting the quantitative estimation of biomarkers and accurate diagnosis of the related cancers at an early stage. Over the past six years, large amounts of fluorescent probes including organic compounds and nanomaterials for various cancer biomarkers have been extensively explored and designed for application to living systems. This review is devoted to fluorescence probes applied in the sensing and fluorescent imaging of four types of cancer-relevant biomarkers H⁺, NO, H₂S and reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂, HClO, O₂˙⁻, ¹O₂ and ˙OH) over the past six years including recognition mechanism, reaction modes and corresponding applications.

中文翻译：

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有机荧光分子生物成像应用的最新进展：癌症相关生物标志物

目前，癌症威胁着人类的生活质量。全球零售销量排名前列的200种药品中，有44种针对各种癌症疾病，可见其对人类健康的巨大需求。迫切需要一种有效且新颖的癌症疾病诊断方法来规划和评估治疗程序。由于正常细胞和癌细胞的微环境表现出不同的行为，这为我们设计和开发与癌症生成行为相关的合适荧光探针提供了新的可能性。这些癌症相关生物标志物的可视化对于显示生物标志物在生物组织中不同分布和深度的整体分布具有重要意义，有利于生物标志物的定量估计和相关癌症的早期准确诊断。在过去的六年中，人们广泛探索和设计了大量用于各种癌症生物标志物的荧光探针，包括有机化合物和纳米材料，以应用于生命系统。本综述主要讨论应用于四种癌症相关生物标志物 H ⁺、NO、H ₂ S 和活性氧（H ₂ O ₂、HClO、O ₂ ˙ ⁻、¹ O ₂ ）的传感和荧光成像的荧光探针。和˙OH)过去六年的研究成果，包括识别机制、反应模式和相应的应用。