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Hydroxylated transformation products of pharmaceutical active compounds: Generation from processes used in wastewater treatment plants and its environmental monitoring
Chemosphere ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140753 Rafael Hernández-Tenorio 1
Chemosphere ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140753 Rafael Hernández-Tenorio 1
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Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are organic pollutants detected in wastewater and aquatic environments worldwide in concentrations ranging from ng L to μg L. Wastewater effluents containing PhACs residues is discharged in municipal sewage and, subsequently collected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) where are not entirely removed. Thus, PhACs and its transformation products (TPs) are discharged into water bodies. In the current work, the transformation of PhACs under treatments used in municipal WWTPs such as biological, photolysis, chlorination, and ozonation processes was reviewed. Data set of the major transformation pathways were obtained of studies that performed the PhACs removal and TPs monitoring during batch-scale experiments using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS/MS). Several transformation pathways as dealkylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, acetylation, aromatic ring opening, chlorination, dehalogenation, photo-substitution, and ozone attack reactions were identified during the transformation of PhACs. Especially, hydroxylation reaction was identified as transformation pathway in all the processes. During the elucidation of hydroxylated TPs several isobaric compounds as monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated were identified. However, hydroxylated TPs monitoring in wastewater and aquatic environments is a topic scarcely studied due to that has no environmental significance, lack of available analytic standars of hydroxylated TPs and lack of analytic methods for their identification. Thus, screening strategy for environmental monitoring of hydroxylated TPs was proposed through target and suspect screening using GC/LC-MS/MS systems. In the next years, more studies on the hydroxylated TPs monitoring are necessary for its detection in WWTPs effluents as well as studies on their environmental effects in aquatic environments.
中文翻译：
药物活性化合物的羟基化转化产物：废水处理厂及其环境监测过程中的产生
药物活性化合物 (PhAC) 是在全球废水和水生环境中检测到的有机污染物，浓度范围为 ng·L 至 μg·L。含有 PhAC 残留物的废水排放到城市污水中，随后收集到城市污水处理厂 (WWTP)，并在那里进行处理。没有完全删除。因此，PhAC 及其转化产物（TP）被排放到水体中。在目前的工作中，对城市污水处理厂使用的生物、光解、氯化和臭氧处理等处理过程中 PhAC 的转化进行了综述。主要转化途径的数据集是通过使用气相色谱和液相色谱结合串联质谱 (GC/LC-MS/MS) 在批量规模实验中进行 PhAC 去除和 TP 监测的研究获得的。在 PhAC 的转化过程中，确定了几种转化途径，如脱烷基化、羟基化、氧化、乙酰化、芳环开环、氯化、脱卤、光取代和臭氧攻击反应。特别是，羟基化反应被确定为所有过程中的转化途径。在阐明羟基化 TP 的过程中，鉴定出了几种单羟基化和二羟基化的同量异位化合物。然而，废水和水生环境中羟基化TPs的监测很少被研究，因为它不具有环境意义，缺乏羟基化TPs的可用分析标准，也缺乏鉴定分析方法。因此，通过使用 GC/LC-MS/MS 系统进行目标和可疑筛选，提出了羟基化 TP 环境监测的筛选策略。 未来几年，有必要对羟基化总磷进行更多的监测研究，以检测污水处理厂废水中的羟基化总磷，并研究其对水生环境的影响。
更新日期：2023-11-23
中文翻译：
药物活性化合物的羟基化转化产物：废水处理厂及其环境监测过程中的产生
药物活性化合物 (PhAC) 是在全球废水和水生环境中检测到的有机污染物，浓度范围为 ng·L 至 μg·L。含有 PhAC 残留物的废水排放到城市污水中，随后收集到城市污水处理厂 (WWTP)，并在那里进行处理。没有完全删除。因此，PhAC 及其转化产物（TP）被排放到水体中。在目前的工作中，对城市污水处理厂使用的生物、光解、氯化和臭氧处理等处理过程中 PhAC 的转化进行了综述。主要转化途径的数据集是通过使用气相色谱和液相色谱结合串联质谱 (GC/LC-MS/MS) 在批量规模实验中进行 PhAC 去除和 TP 监测的研究获得的。在 PhAC 的转化过程中，确定了几种转化途径，如脱烷基化、羟基化、氧化、乙酰化、芳环开环、氯化、脱卤、光取代和臭氧攻击反应。特别是，羟基化反应被确定为所有过程中的转化途径。在阐明羟基化 TP 的过程中，鉴定出了几种单羟基化和二羟基化的同量异位化合物。然而，废水和水生环境中羟基化TPs的监测很少被研究，因为它不具有环境意义，缺乏羟基化TPs的可用分析标准，也缺乏鉴定分析方法。因此，通过使用 GC/LC-MS/MS 系统进行目标和可疑筛选，提出了羟基化 TP 环境监测的筛选策略。 未来几年，有必要对羟基化总磷进行更多的监测研究，以检测污水处理厂废水中的羟基化总磷，并研究其对水生环境的影响。
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