This article surveys the long story of complexio in physiognomic discourse, from Galen’s De complexionibus (De temperamentis) to the great physiognomic manuals of the fifteenth century by Rolandus Scriptoris and Michele Savonarola. We linger, along the way, on various physiognomic texts, most notably the contributions to learned physiognomic discourse of Michael Scotus, William of Aragon, and John Buridan. The emerging story moves from the absence of complexio to omnipresence, with a sudden leap forward in the importance of the idea in the thirteenth century. The agents of this change were natural philosophers as well as physicians – possibly via medical intermediaries (most notably Rhazes), whose texts became available to Latin readers in the twelfth century; they borrowed the term and assimilated it into their texts, which now included the missing causal explanations that linked the physiognomic sign to its meaning. The distinctions between various kinds of complexions, most notably the growing use of the concept of radical complexion (around 1300), played a key role in this development, which provided a more stable foundation for the physiognomic judgement.

中文翻译：

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Complexio 与习得面相学的转变 1200–约。1500

这篇文章调查了一个很长的故事情结在面相学话语中，出自盖伦的肤色（气质）到 Rolandus Scriptoris 和 Michele Savonarola 十五世纪伟大的面相手册。一路上，我们徘徊在各种面相学文献上，最著名的是迈克尔·斯科特斯、阿拉贡的威廉和约翰·布里丹对面相学学术论述的贡献。正在出现的故事源于缺席情结到了无所不在，这个想法的重要性在十三世纪突然跃升。这一变化的推动者是自然哲学家和医生——可能是通过医学中介（最著名的是拉兹），他们的文本在十二世纪开始向拉丁读者开放；他们借用了这个术语并将其吸收到他们的文本中，现在包括了将面相符号与其含义联系起来的缺失的因果解释。各种肤色之间的区别，尤其是激进肤色概念的日益使用（大约1300年），在这一发展中发挥了关键作用，为面相判断提供了更稳定的基础。