BACKGROUND Infertility and pregnancy loss are longstanding problems. Successful fertilization and high-quality embryos are prerequisites for an ongoing pregnancy. Studies have proven that every stage in the human reproductive process is regulated by multiple genes and any problem, at any step, may lead to fertilization failure (FF) or early embryonic arrest (EEA). Doctors can diagnose the pathogenic factors involved in FF and EEA by using genetic methods. With the progress in the development of new genetic technologies, such as single-cell RNA analysis and whole-exome sequencing, a new approach has opened up for us to directly study human germ cells and reproductive development. These findings will help us to identify the unique mechanism(s) that leads to FF and EEA in order to find potential treatments. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The goal of this review is to compile current genetic knowledge related to FF and EEA, clarifying the mechanisms involved and providing clues for clinical diagnosis and treatment. SEARCH METHODS PubMed was used to search for relevant research articles and reviews, primarily focusing on English-language publications from January 1978 to June 2023. The search terms included fertilization failure, early embryonic arrest, genetic, epigenetic, whole-exome sequencing, DNA methylation, chromosome, non-coding RNA, and other related keywords. Additional studies were identified by searching reference lists. This review primarily focuses on research conducted in humans. However, it also incorporates relevant data from animal models when applicable. The results were presented descriptively, and individual study quality was not assessed. OUTCOMES A total of 233 relevant articles were included in the final review, from 3925 records identified initially. The review provides an overview of genetic factors and mechanisms involved in the human reproductive process. The genetic mutations and other genetic mechanisms of FF and EEA were systematically reviewed, for example, globozoospermia, oocyte activation failure, maternal effect gene mutations, zygotic genome activation abnormalities, chromosome abnormalities, and epigenetic abnormalities. Additionally, the review summarizes progress in treatments for different gene defects, offering new insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The information provided in this review will facilitate the development of more accurate molecular screening tools for diagnosing infertility using genetic markers and networks in human reproductive development. The findings will also help guide clinical practice by identifying appropriate interventions based on specific gene mutations. For example, when an individual has obvious gene mutations related to FF, ICSI is recommended instead of IVF. However, in the case of genetic defects such as phospholipase C zeta1 (PLCZ1), actin-like7A (ACTL7A), actin-like 9 (ACTL9), and IQ motif-containing N (IQCN), ICSI may also fail to fertilize. We can consider artificial oocyte activation technology with ICSI to improve fertilization rate and reduce monetary and time costs. In the future, fertility is expected to be improved or restored by interfering with or supplementing the relevant genes.

中文翻译：

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受精失败和早期胚胎停滞的遗传机制：全面综述。


背景技术不孕症和流产是长期存在的问题。成功受精和高质量胚胎是持续妊娠的先决条件。研究证明，人类生殖过程的每个阶段都受到多个基因的调控，任何步骤的任何问题都可能导致受精失败（FF）或早期胚胎停滞（EEA）。医生可以利用遗传学方法诊断FF和EEA的致病因素。随着单细胞RNA分析、全外显子组测序等新基因技术的发展，为我们直接研究人类生殖细胞和生殖发育开辟了一条新途径。这些发现将帮助我们确定导致 FF 和 EEA 的独特机制，以便找到潜在的治疗方法。目的和理由本综述的目的是汇编当前与 FF 和 EEA 相关的遗传知识，阐明所涉及的机制，并为临床诊断和治疗提供线索。检索方法 PubMed 用于检索相关研究文章和评论，主要关注 1978 年 1 月至 2023 年 6 月期间的英文出版物。检索词包括受精失败、早期胚胎停滞、遗传学、表观遗传学、全外显子组测序、DNA 甲基化、染色体、非编码RNA等相关关键词。通过搜索参考文献列表确定了其他研究。本综述主要关注在人类中进行的研究。然而，它还结合了适用时动物模型的相关数据。结果是描述性的，并且没有评估个体研究的质量。结果 最终审查中纳入了最初确定的 3925 条记录中的 233 篇相关文章。 该综述概述了人类生殖过程中涉及的遗传因素和机制。系统综述了FF和EEA的基因突变和其他遗传机制，例如球精子症、卵母细胞激活失败、母体效应基因突变、合子基因组激活异常、染色体异常和表观遗传异常。此外，该综述还总结了不同基因缺陷的治疗进展，为临床诊断和治疗提供了新的见解。更广泛的影响 本综述中提供的信息将有助于开发更准确的分子筛查工具，利用人类生殖发育中的遗传标记和网络来诊断不孕症。研究结果还将通过根据特定基因突变确定适当的干预措施来帮助指导临床实践。例如，当个体存在明显与FF相关的基因突变时，建议进行ICSI而不是IVF。然而，在磷脂酶 C zeta1 (PLCZ1)、肌动蛋白样 7A (ACTL7A)、肌动蛋白样 9 (ACTL9) 和含有 IQ 基序的 N (IQCN) 等遗传缺陷的情况下，ICSI 也可能无法受精。我们可以考虑采用ICSI人工卵母细胞激活技术来提高受精率并降低金钱和时间成本。未来，通过干扰或补充相关基因，生育能力有望得到改善或恢复。