Previous research examining differences in levels of well-being between leaders and nonleaders has yielded mixed results. To explain the inconsistencies, we compare levels of well-being among nonleaders, mid-level leaders, and high-level leaders. Drawing from the job demands-resources model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007, 2017) and the expanded version proposed by Crawford et al. (2010), we anticipate mid-level leaders will have lower levels of well-being compared to senior leaders and nonleaders, and females will be more vulnerable than males in mid-level leadership. In Study 1, we use multilevel models and propensity score matching (N = 24,067) and find mid-level leaders have worse general health conditions compared to nonleaders and high-level leaders, and that this effect is more pronounced among females. In Study 2, we collect experience sampling data from workers (N = 86; 1,634 observations) who completed a short survey four times daily for five consecutive working days. Mid-level leaders report more end-of-day negative emotions than high-level leaders and nonleaders, mediated by higher job demands and lower levels of job control to combat the negative effects of job demands; an effect that is particularly pronounced among female respondents. In Study 3, we use a two-wave time-lagged survey study (N = 330) and find middle managers have more challenge and hindrance job demands than nonleaders, and insufficient job control to offset the negative effects of job demands. Female middle managers report the most physical health symptoms and enjoy less eudaemonic well-being than their male counterparts. We conclude that leadership levels and gender have important and overlooked impacts on well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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领导级别和性别对领导者福祉的影响。

先前研究领导者和非领导者幸福感水平差异的研究得出的结果好坏参半。为了解释这些不一致之处，我们比较了非领导者、中层领导者和高层领导者的幸福感水平。借鉴工作需求-资源模型（Bakker & Demerouti，2007，2017）和 Crawford 等人提出的扩展版本。（2010），我们预计中层领导者的幸福感将低于高级领导者和非领导者，并且中层领导中的女性将比男性更脆弱。在研究1中，我们使用多层次模型和倾向得分匹配（N = 24,067）发现中层领导者的总体健康状况比非领导者和高层领导者更差，并且这种影响在女性中更为明显。在研究 2 中，我们收集了工人的经验抽样数据（N = 86；1,634 个观察值），这些工人连续五个工作日每天完成四次简短调查。中层领导者在一天结束时比高层领导者和非领导者报告更多的负面情绪，这是通过较高的工作要求和较低水平的工作控制来调节的，以应对工作要求的负面影响；这种效应在女性受访者中尤其明显。在研究3中，我们使用了两波时滞调查研究（N = 330），发现中层管理人员比非领导者有更多的挑战和阻碍工作要求，并且工作控制力不足以抵消工作要求的负面影响。与男性中层管理人员相比，女性中层管理人员的身体健康症状最为严重，但幸福感却较低。我们的结论是，领导水平和性别对福祉具有重要但被忽视的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。