Although the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, studies have demonstrated that certain traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported into the Tibetan Plateau (TP) through the mountain valleys. Herein, we selected five mountain valleys in the Himalayas to investigate novel flame retardants (NFRs), as representative novel POPs, their concentration, distribution, transport behavior, potential sources and ecological risk. The results revealed that total concentrations of 7 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 4.89 to 2853 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil and from not detected (ND) to 4232 pg/g dw in moss. Additionally, total concentrations of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) ranged from ND to 84798 pg/g dw in soil. Among the NFRs, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and tri-phenyl phosphate (TPhP) were the predominant compounds. NBFRs and OPEs concentrations were slightly higher than those in the polar regions. The correlation between different compounds and altitude varies in different areas, indicating that the NFRs distribution in the mountain valleys result from a combination of long-range transport and local sources. The ecological risk assessment using risk quotient (RQs) revealed that TPhP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) exhibited medium or high risks at some sites. This study sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental behaviors of the NFRs in the valleys and highlights the need for increased attention to the ecological risks posed by OPEs in the TP.

中文翻译：

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新型溴化阻燃剂（NBFR）和有机磷酸酯（OPE）在喜马拉雅山山谷土壤和苔藓中的迁移和分布


尽管喜马拉雅山是天然屏障，但研究表明，某些传统的持久性有机污染物（POPs）可以通过山谷输送到青藏高原（TP）。在此，我们选择了喜马拉雅山脉的五个山谷来研究新型阻燃剂（NFR）作为代表性新型持久性有机污染物（POPs）的浓度、分布、迁移行为、潜在来源和生态风险。结果显示，土壤中 7 种新型溴化阻燃剂 (NBFR) 的总浓度范围为 4.89 至 2853 pg/g 干重 (dw)，苔藓中的总浓度范围为未检出 (ND) 至 4232 pg/g dw。此外，土壤中 10 种有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 的总浓度范围为 ND 至 84798 pg/g 干重。在 NFR 中，十溴二苯乙烷 (DBDPE) 和磷酸三苯酯 (TPhP) 是主要化合物。 NBFR 和 OPE 浓度略高于极地地区。不同地区不同化合物与海拔高度的相关性不同，表明山谷中NFRs的分布是远距离迁移和本地来源共同作用的结果。使用风险商（RQ）进行的生态风险评估显示，TPhP和磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯（TCIPP）在某些地点表现出中度或高度风险。这项研究揭示了山谷中 NFRs 的迁移路径和环境行为，并强调需要更多地关注青藏高原 OPEs 带来的生态风险。