The nucleosides are the building blocks for nucleic acids and composed of a five-carbon sugar bearing either pyrimidine or purine nucleobase. The biological properties of nucleosides can be tailored by chemically modifying the five-carbon sugar to influence its sugar pucker. The spirocyclic scaffold is an indispensable scaffold in more than ten approved drugs, and its inherent three-dimensionality makes it an ideal modification to influence the sugar pucker and biological properties of nucleosides. However, the introduction of spirocyclic scaffold is often synthetically challenging due to increase in synthetic steps and stereocenters. The present review highlights the advances in synthetic methodologies developed during the past decades for accessing various members of the spiro-functionalized nucleoside family.

1 Introduction

2 C-1′-Spirocyclic Nucleosides

3 C-2′-Spirocyclic Nucleosides

4 C-3′-Spirocyclic Nucleosides

5 C-4′-Spirocyclic Nucleosides

6 Miscellaneous Spirocyclic Nucleosides

7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

核苷是核酸的组成部分，由带有嘧啶或嘌呤核碱基的五碳糖组成。核苷的生物学特性可以通过对五碳糖进行化学修饰来影响其糖褶皱来定制。螺环支架是十多种已批准药物中不可或缺的支架，其固有的三维性使其成为影响核苷糖皱和生物学性质的理想修饰。然而，由于合成步骤和立体中心的增加，螺环支架的引入通常在合成上具有挑战性。本综述重点介绍了过去几十年来开发的用于获取螺功能化核苷家族各种成员的合成方法的进展。

1 简介

2 C -1′-螺环核苷

3 C -2′-螺环核苷

4 C -3′-螺环核苷

5 C -4′-螺环核苷

6 其他螺环核苷

7 结论和未来展望