El Castillo cave is a well-known site because of its Paleolithic archaeology and parietal rock art. This paper is focused on the human remains found by V. Cabrera in the Mousterian Unit XX assigned to MIS 4 and early MIS 3. The fossils consist of one upper left second premolar (ULP4), one incomplete proximal hand phalanx, and one partial femoral head. The tooth and the phalanx were assigned to adults, whereas the femoral head belonged to an immature individual due to the absence of fusion traces to the metaphyseal surface. The external morphology and metrical characterization of the Castillo-1466 (ULP4) tooth crown was quantified and compared to the variability of other Neanderthal dental remains and a sample of modern human populations. We also quantified its 3D enamel thickness distribution, its roots morphology, as well as the presence of chipping, and their possible relation to masticatory or paramasticatory activities. Castillo-1466 shows crown dimensions compatible with middle-sized Neanderthal teeth, but with a remarkably thicker enamel than other Neanderthal premolars, such as Marillac 13. The femoral head and the hand phalanx fragment are compared to published values for Neanderthals, although both partial fossils lack diagnostic features precluding any clear taxonomic diagnostic. Therefore, their attribution to Neanderthals is assumed based on the dating of the layers in which they were discovered. El Castillo cave Mousterian fossils represent another contribution to the knowledge of the Middle Paleolithic populations of Northern Spain, where different sites along the Cantabrian mountains yielded several human remains assigned to MIS 4 and early MIS 3.

中文翻译：

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埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴（Puente Viesgo，坎塔布里亚，西班牙）的莫斯特人类化石。

埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴因其旧石器时代考古学和顶岩艺术而闻名。本文重点关注 V. Cabrera 在分配给 MIS 4 和早期 MIS 3 的 Mousterian Unit XX 中发现的人类遗骸。这些化石由一颗左上第二前臼齿 (ULP4)、一颗不完整的近端手指骨和一颗部分股骨组成。头。牙齿和指骨属于成年人，而股骨头属于未成熟个体，因为干骺端表面没有融合痕迹。对 Castillo-1466 (ULP4) 牙冠的外部形态和测量特征进行了量化，并与其他尼安德特人牙齿遗骸和现代人类样本的变异性进行了比较。我们还量化了其 3D 牙釉质厚度分布、根部形态、碎裂的存在以及它们与咀嚼或副咀嚼活动的可能关系。Castillo-1466 显示出与中型尼安德特人牙齿相匹配的牙冠尺寸，但其牙釉质比其他尼安德特人前臼齿（例如 Marillac 13）要厚得多。股骨头和手指骨碎片与已公布的尼安德特人数据进行了比较，尽管这都是部分化石缺乏诊断特征，无法进行任何明确的分类诊断。因此，根据发现它们的地层的年代测定，推测它们属于尼安德特人。埃尔卡斯蒂略洞穴莫斯特里亚化石代表了对西班牙北部旧石器时代中期人类知识的另一项贡献，坎塔布连山脉沿线的不同地点发现了一些属于 MIS 4 和早期 MIS 3 的人类遗骸。