The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 700 million confirmed infections and ~7 million fatalities worldwide since its emergence in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is part of a family of positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses known as coronaviruses. Today, at least seven human coronaviruses have been identified and are known to cause respiratory tract illnesses with varying severity. The COVID-19 pandemic spurred the generation of a vast amount of scientific knowledge on coronaviruses in record time, leading to a broad understanding of host immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and the rapid development of life-saving vaccines (mainly mRNA and adenovirus- or inactivated virus-based vaccines). Real world data on licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have shown that efficacy ranges from 50 to 95% depending on viral variants, pre-infections, and vaccine formulations, regimens, and combinations. While vaccination does markedly decrease the chances of infection and severe disease, breakthrough symptomatic and asymptomatic infections have occurred due to the emergence of immune escape virus variants. Therefore, despite these early successes, a better understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity against infection is essential for the development of longer lasting and more efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and future coronaviruses.

中文翻译：

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获得针对 SARS-CoV-2 感染的免疫力并接种疫苗


自 2019 年 12 月出现以来，持续不断的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 大流行已在全球范围内造成超过 7 亿例确诊感染和约 700 万人死亡。SARS-CoV-2 属于阳性病毒家族的一部分。顾名思义，有包膜的RNA病毒称为冠状病毒。如今，至少已发现七种人类冠状病毒，并已知会引起不同严重程度的呼吸道疾病。 COVID-19 大流行促使人们在创纪录的时间内产生了大量有关冠状病毒的科学知识，从而使人们对宿主对 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫有了广泛的了解，并迅速开发了拯救生命的疫苗（主要是 mRNA 和腺病毒） - 或基于灭活病毒的疫苗）。有关已获许可的 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的真实世界数据表明，功效范围为 50% 至 95%，具体取决于病毒变异、感染前以及疫苗配方、治疗方案和组合。虽然疫苗接种确实显着降低了感染和严重疾病的机会，但由于免疫逃逸病毒变种的出现，出现了突破性的有症状和无症状感染。因此，尽管取得了这些早期成功，但更好地了解抗感染的保护性免疫机制对于开发针对 SARS-CoV-2 和未来冠状病毒的更持久、更有效的疫苗至关重要。