Industrialization and urbanization have increased the number of industries that utilize colors and their wastewater, contributing to the global pollution catastrophe. Recently, wastewater treatment has relied on expensive, energy-inefficient, and limited-flexibility physico-chemical processes. This study sought a low-cost, efficient method of removing crystal violet (CVD). We created a statistical approach to choose the best practice by immobilizing physically prepared Actinomucor elegans AUMC15946 biomass. The immobilized cells displayed an enhanced CVD removal (80.3%) than the free cells (66.2%). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized at three physical pretreatment parameters (heat, UV radiation, and gamma ray) for the first time to explore and maximize the positive impact of physical parameters on the immobilized fungus efficiency for potent crystal violet removal. The maximum CVD removal (96.4%) was achieved at the following optimum conditions (45 °C of heat treatment, 20 min of UV exposure, and 300 Gy of gamma irradiation). The toxicity of the treated CVD compared to the untreated one was also evaluated via three different protocols (phytotoxicity, microbial toxicity, and cytotoxicity). The treated CVD has no any adverse effect on seed germination. Similarly, the treated dye revitalized the growth of Escherichia coli cells and two normal cell lines, epithelial breast MCF-12F and fibroblast BJ-1, compared to the untreated dye. Thus, the physically pretreated and immobilized biomass of Actinomucor is a new and potent candidate that could be applied in dye bioremediation practices.

工业化和城市化增加了利用颜料及其废水的行业数量，导致了全球污染灾难。最近，废水处理依赖于昂贵、能源效率低且灵活性有限的物理化学过程。本研究寻求一种低成本、高效的去除结晶紫 (CVD) 的方法。我们创建了一种统计方法，通过固定物理制备的线虫放线毛霉AUMC15946 生物质来选择最佳实践。固定化细胞的CVD 去除率(80.3%) 高于游离细胞 (66.2%)。Box-Behnken 设计 (BBD) 首次在三个物理预处理参数（热、紫外线辐射和伽马射线）下使用，以探索并最大化物理参数对固定化真菌效率的积极影响，从而有效去除结晶紫。在以下最佳条件（45°C 热处理、20 分钟紫外线照射和 300 Gy 伽马照射）下实现了最大CVD 去除率(96.4%)。还通过三种不同的方案（植物毒性、微生物毒性和细胞毒性）评估了经处理的 CVD 与未经处理的相比的毒性。经处理的CVD对种子萌发没有任何不利影响。同样，与未经处理的染料相比，经过处理的染料恢复了大肠杆菌细胞和两种正常细胞系（上皮乳腺 MCF-12F 和成纤维细胞 BJ-1）的生长。因此，物理预处理和固定化的放线毛霉生物质是一种新的、有效的候选物，可应用于染料生物修复实践。