The international (non)recognition of governments is a composite macro practice that has grown in visibility in recent years in response to contentious domestic political processes such as coups d’état, revolutions, and civil wars, yet it remains understudied in international relations. Doctrinal debates in international law and foreign policy reveal the normative vacuum and normative competition that have long surrounded this phenomenon, but say little about its specific operation and effects. This article brings together insights from recognition theory and international practice theory, and uses post-2011 Libya as an in-depth case study, drawing on elite interviews with diplomats, international officials, and other practitioners. The aim is to sketch a new research agenda by building a generalizable typology of smaller-scale government recognition micro practices (declaratory, diplomatic, informal engagement, intergovernmental cooperation, and support practices), and uncovering their guiding logics and consequences. I argue that, first, the international (non)recognition of governments is endowed with a distinct generative power, as it produces its own creatures through a range of micro practices that have identity formation and change, material empowerment, political legitimation, and sovereignty line-drawing effects. Secondly, it is geopolitically inevitable, as external actors involved in a country cannot ultimately avoid engaging with territorially grounded domestic political actors. Thirdly, it is not a black-and-white situation, as it involves a broad variety of practices guided by different, often contradictory logics. Finally, international government recognition practices are likely to run into three dilemmas stemming from three tensions: international versus domestic recognition, legitimacy versus effectiveness, and coherence versus inclusivity in conflict mediation.

中文翻译：

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国际社会对政府实践的认可：2011年后利比亚的生物、海市蜃楼和困境

国际上（不）承认政府是一种综合性的宏观实践，近年来，为了应对政变、革命和内战等有争议的国内政治进程，这种做法越来越引人注目，但在国际关系中仍然没有得到充分研究。国际法和外交政策中的理论争论揭示了长期以来围绕这一现象的规范真空和规范竞争，但对其具体运作和影响却很少提及。本文汇集了承认理论和国际实践理论的见解，并以 2011 年后的利比亚为深入案例研究，借鉴了对外交官、国际官员和其他从业者的精英访谈。其目的是通过建立小规模政府认可微观实践（宣示性、外交性、非正式参与、政府间合作和支持性实践）的通用类型学，并揭示其指导逻辑和后果，来勾勒出新的研究议程。我认为，首先，对政府的国际（非）承认被赋予了独特的生成力，因为它通过一系列具有身份形成和变化、物质赋权、政治合法性和主权界限的微观实践来生产自己的生物。 -绘图效果。其次，这在地缘政治上是不可避免的，因为参与一个国家的外部行为体最终无法避免与具有领土根基的国内政治行为体接触。第三，这不是一个非黑即白的情况，因为它涉及由不同的、常常是矛盾的逻辑指导的各种各样的实践。最后，国际政府承认实践可能会因三种张力而陷入三个困境：国际承认与国内承认、合法性与有效性、以及冲突调解中的一致性与包容性。