European law enforcement agencies have begun to use targeted online ad campaigns to raise cybercrime awareness among at-risk populations. Despite their rapid proliferation, there is little research to support their efficacy and effectiveness. This study uses a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design to evaluate the effect of seven campaigns deployed in 2021 and 2022 on the volume of (distributed) denial-of-service or (D)DoS-attacks recorded in six European countries: Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Portugal. The results show mixed effects, suggesting that the campaigns are not clearly effective in reducing DDoS-attacks in the short term.

中文翻译：

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在线广告活动对 DDoS 攻击的影响：一项跨国双重差分准实验

欧洲执法机构已开始利用有针对性的在线广告活动来提高高危人群的网络犯罪意识。尽管它们迅速扩散，但很少有研究支持它们的功效和效果。本研究采用准实验双重差分设计来评估 2021 年和 2022 年部署的七项活动对六个欧洲国家记录的（分布式）拒绝服务或 (D)DoS 攻击数量的影响：丹麦、芬兰、荷兰、挪威、瑞典和葡萄牙。结果显示效果好坏参半，表明这些活动在短期内并不能明显有效地减少 DDoS 攻击。