Two decades of social neuroscience and neuroeconomics research illustrate the brain mechanisms that are engaged when people consider human beings, often in comparison to considering artificial intelligence (AI) as a nonhuman control. AI as an experimental control preserves agency and facilitates social interactions but lacks a human presence, providing insight into brain mechanisms that are engaged by human presence and the presence of AI. Here, I review this literature to determine how the brain instantiates human and AI presence across social perception and decision-making paradigms commonly used to realize a social context. People behave toward humans differently than they do toward AI. Moreover, brain regions more engaged by humans compared to AI extend beyond the social cognition brain network to all parts of the brain, and the brain sometimes is engaged more by AI than by humans. Finally, I discuss gaps in the literature, limitations in current neuroscience approaches, and how an understanding of the brain correlates of human and AI presence can inform social science in the wild.

中文翻译：

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人类和人工智能存在的神经科学


二十年的社会神经科学和神经经济学研究说明了人们在考虑人类时所参与的大脑机制，这通常与将人工智能 （AI） 视为非人类控制进行比较。AI 作为一种实验性控制措施，保留了能动性并促进了社交互动，但缺乏人类的存在，从而提供了对人类存在和 AI 存在所参与的大脑机制的洞察。在这里，我回顾了这些文献，以确定大脑如何在通常用于实现社会背景的社会感知和决策范式中实例化人类和 AI 的存在。人们对待人类的行为与对待 AI 的行为不同。此外，与 AI 相比，人类更多地参与的大脑区域超越了社会认知大脑网络，延伸到大脑的所有部分，并且大脑有时更多地参与 AI 而不是人类。最后，我讨论了文献中的空白、当前神经科学方法的局限性，以及对人类和 AI 存在的大脑相关性的理解如何为野外的社会科学提供信息。