Functional gradient materials (FGMs) are composite materials made up of two or more materials, with components or structures that gradually change, resulting in a gradual change in performance and functionality. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have the potential to greatly benefit the development of FGMs by enabling efficient production of complex-shaped parts. The preparation and characterization of gradient alloys produced by AM, including metal-metal, metal-ceramic, ceramic-ceramic, and metal-organic, are discussed in this paper. An overview of the solutions and countermeasures for challenges encountered during FGM preparation is presented in this paper. These challenges include the generation of intermetallic compounds, the mismatching of thermophysical parameters, and the variation of the dilution rate across different gradient layers. Finally, potential areas for future research are outlined based on a summary of existing research. This work provides vital guidelines for future fabrication of FGMs.

功能梯度材料（FGM）是由两种或多种材料组成的复合材料，其成分或结构逐渐变化，导致性能和功能逐渐变化。增材制造 (AM) 技术可实现复杂形状零件的高效生产，从而有望极大地促进 FGM 的发展。本文讨论了增材制造梯度合金的制备和表征，包括金属-金属、金属-陶瓷、陶瓷-陶瓷和金属-有机合金。本文概述了女性生殖器切割准备过程中遇到的挑战的解决方案和对策。这些挑战包括金属间化合物的产生、热物理参数的不匹配以及不同梯度层的稀释率的变化。最后，根据现有研究的总结概述了未来研究的潜在领域。这项工作为未来女性生殖器切割的制造提供了重要的指导方针。