Fosthiazate is a widely used organophosphorus nematicide that resides in the soil and controls soil root-knot nematodes. However, whether it has toxic effects on non-target soil organisms such as earthworms is unclear. Therefore, in this study, a 28-day experiment of fosthiazate exposure was conducted using the Eisenia fetida as the model organism. The results showed that fosthiazate stress caused excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), suggesting that fosthiazate induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in E. fetida. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly reduced, and the expression of its related functional genes was also altered, demonstrating that fosthiazate damaged the nervous system of E. fetida, which was further confirmed by AlphaFold2 modeling and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that fosthiazate exposure may induce apoptosis, inflammation, and viral infection in E. fetida, which adversely affect the organism. This study provides reference data for the ecotoxicity of fosthiazate.

噻唑磷是一种广泛使用的有机磷杀线虫剂，存在于土壤中并控制土壤根结线虫。然而，它是否对蚯蚓等非目标土壤生物具有毒性作用尚不清楚。因此，本研究以赤子爱胜蚓为模型生物，进行了为期28天的噻唑磷暴露实验。结果表明，噻唑磷胁迫导致活性氧（ROS）过量产生，丙二醛（MDA）和8-羟基-2-脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）水平升高，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)，表明噻唑磷可诱导恶臭艾美耳球虫中的氧化应激和 DNA 损伤。乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性显着降低，其相关功能基因的表达也发生改变，表明噻唑磷对臭艾美蛰神经系统造成损害，这一点通过AlphaFold2建模和分子对接模拟得到进一步证实。此外，京都基因和基因组百科全书（KEGG）富集分析表明，噻唑磷暴露可能会诱导恶臭艾美耳球菌凋亡、炎症和病毒感染，从而对机体产生不利影响。本研究为噻唑磷的生态毒性提供参考数据。