This study investigated how the liability of outsidership affects emerging-market multinationals. We argue that besides lack of access to local networks, lack of access to leadership positions in global value chain networks is another possible source of the liability of outsidership, and it affects emerging market firms more than multinationals from developed countries. Accordingly, multinationals from emerging markets are more likely than those from developed countries to exit from a foreign market in which they had invested. Allying with technology partners and developed-country non-technology partners could help EMNEs overcome the LOO. Those findings are based on a study of mobile money services provided by multinationals from both emerging markets and developed countries during the period 2001–2022.

中文翻译：

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新兴市场跨国公司的局外人责任

本研究调查了外部人责任如何影响新兴市场跨国公司。我们认为，除了无法进入当地网络之外，无法获得全球价值链网络中的领导地位也是外部责任的另一个可能来源，而且它对新兴市场企业的影响比发达国家的跨国公司更大。因此，新兴市场的跨国公司比发达国家的跨国公司更有可能退出其投资的外国市场。与技术合作伙伴和发达国家非技术合作伙伴结盟可以帮助新兴市场企业克服 LOO。这些发现基于对 2001 年至 2022 年期间新兴市场和发达国家跨国公司提供的移动货币服务的研究。