Mevinphos, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely used to control pests and enhance crop yield. Because of its high solubility, it can easily flow into water and threaten the aquatic environment, and it is known to be hazardous to non-target organisms. However, little is known about its developmental toxicity and the underlying toxic mechanisms. In this study, we utilized zebrafish, which is frequently used for toxicological research to estimate the toxicity in other aquatic organisms or vertebrates including humans, to elucidate the developmental defects induced by mevinphos. Here, we observed that mevinphos induced various phenotypical abnormalities, such as diminished eyes and head sizes, shortened body length, loss of swim bladder, and increased pericardiac edema. Also, exposure to mevinphos triggered inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation in zebrafish larvae. In addition, MAPK and Akt signaling pathways, which control apoptosis, inflammation, and proper development of various organs, were also altered by the treatment of mevinphos. Furthermore, these factors induced various organ defects which were confirmed by various transgenic models. We identified neuronal toxicity through transgenic olig2:dsRed zebrafish, cardiovascular toxicity through transgenic fli1:eGFP zebrafish, and hepatotoxicity and pancreatic toxicity through transgenic lfabp:dsRed;elastase:GFP zebrafish. Overall, our results elucidated the developmental toxicities of mevinphos in zebrafish and provided the parameters for the assessment of toxicities in aquatic environments.

速灭磷是一种有机磷杀虫剂，广泛用于控制害虫和提高作物产量。由于其高溶解度，它很容易流入水中并威胁水生环境，并且已知对非目标生物体有害。然而，人们对其发育毒性和潜在的毒性机制知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们利用斑马鱼来阐明速灭磷引起的发育缺陷，斑马鱼经常用于毒理学研究，以估计其他水生生物或脊椎动物（包括人类）的毒性。在这里，我们观察到速灭磷会引起各种表型异常，例如眼睛和头部尺寸缩小、体长缩短、鱼鳔消失以及心包水肿增加。此外，接触速灭磷会引发斑马鱼幼虫的炎症、细胞凋亡和 DNA 断裂。此外，控制细胞凋亡、炎症和各种器官正常发育的 MAPK 和 Akt 信号通路也因速灭磷治疗而改变。此外，这些因素诱导了各种器官缺陷，这些缺陷已被各种转基因模型证实。我们通过转基因olig2:dsRed斑马鱼鉴定了神经元毒性，通过转基因fli1:eGFP斑马鱼鉴定了心血管毒性，通过转基因lfabp:dsRed;弹性蛋白酶:GFP斑马鱼鉴定了肝毒性和胰腺毒性。总体而言，我们的结果阐明了速灭磷对斑马鱼的发育毒性，并为水生环境中的毒性评估提供了参数。