Objectives

Caregiver responses are important in shaping how children, and later adolescents, engage in their own self-compassionate responding and uncompassionate self-responding. However, longitudinal research exploring the relationship between parenting style and adolescent self-compassion is limited. We examined the degree to which psychologically controlling and supportive parenting styles were linked to changes in compassionate self-responding (CSR) and uncompassionate self-responding (USR), both contemporaneously and longitudinally. We further explored the extent that any effects were heterogeneous: Does parenting influence self-compassion for some adolescents but not others?

Method

We measured CSR, USR, parental support, and parental psychological control in a group of 2596 adolescents annually over 4 years (Grades 9 to 12 inclusive, M_ages = 14.65 (T1) to 17.73 (T4) years).

Results

The multi-level modelling analysis of individual relationships between parenting and self-compassion revealed relatively independent effects of perceived parenting on CSR and USR respectively. Individual changes in supportive parenting were more strongly associated with changes in CSR than with USR, and within-person changes in psychologically controlling parenting were more strongly associated with USR than with CSR. Further, the strength of these relationships was heterogeneous, with parenting having a larger effect on some than others. Longitudinally, controlling parenting predicted the development of USR.

Conclusions

Overall, the link between parenting and adolescent self-compassion significantly varied, with some adolescents reporting a large change in self-compassion in years when parenting changed, and some reporting little to no change in self-compassion in years when parenting practices changed. The present study therefore highlights the importance of parenting in understanding self-compassion and the need for further research that seeks to identify factors that moderate the link between parenting and self-compassion.

Preregistration

This study is not preregistered.

中文翻译：

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感知的养育方式和青少年的自我同情：一种纵向的、个人内部的方法

目标

照顾者的反应对于塑造儿童以及后来的青少年如何进行自我同情性反应和非同情性自我反应非常重要。然而，探索养育方式与青少年自我慈悲之间关系的纵向研究有限。我们同时和纵向研究了心理控制和支持性教养方式与富有同情心的自我反应（CSR）和无同情心的自我反应（USR）变化的关联程度。我们进一步探讨了任何影响的异质性程度：养育方式是否会影响某些青少年而不是其他青少年的自我同情心？

方法

我们在 4 年内每年对 2596 名青少年（9 至 12 年级， M_年龄 = 14.65 (T1) 至 17.73 (T4) 岁）进行 CSR、USR、父母支持和父母心理控制测量。

结果

对养育方式和自我慈悲之间个体关系的多层次建模分析揭示了感知养育方式分别对企业社会责任和个体社会责任产生相对独立的影响。支持性养育方式的个体变化与企业社会责任的变化比与 USR 的相关性更强，而心理控制养育方式的个人内部变化与 USR 的相关性比与企业社会责任的相关性更强。此外，这些关系的强度各不相同，养育方式对某些人的影响比其他人更大。纵向来看，控制性养育预示着USR的发展。

结论

总体而言，养育方式与青少年自我慈悲之间的联系存在显着差异，一些青少年报告说，当养育方式改变时，自我慈悲发生了很大变化，而另一些青少年则报告说，当养育方式改变时，自我慈悲几乎没有变化。因此，本研究强调了养育方式在理解自我慈悲方面的重要性，以及进一步研究的必要性，以找出调节养育方式和自我慈悲之间联系的因素。

预登记

这项研究没有预先注册。