Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous coordination polymers with adjustable nanostructure, high porosity and large surface areas. These features make MOFs, their derivates and composites all delivered remarkable potential in energy and environmental fields, such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, catalysts, water purification and desalination, gas treatment, toxic matter degradation, etc. In particular, one-dimensional (1D) MOFs have generated extensive attention due to their unique 1D nanostructures. To prepare 1D MOF nanostructures, it is necessary to explore and enhance synthesis routes. In this review, the preparation of 1D MOF materials and their recent process applied in energy and environmental fields will be discussed. The relationship between MOFs' 1D morphologies and the properties in their applications will also be analyzed. Finally, we will also summary and make perspectives about the future development of 1D MOFs in fabrication and applications in energy and environmental fields.