Antibiotic residues are the most common contaminants in milk and other related dairy products. Simultaneous, convenient, and stable detection of antibiotic residues in foods is vital to secure public health. Herein, we proposed an optical immunosensor with easily-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles differing in size and quantity, and bearing multiplex signal probes for the simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotics through a simple one-step signal conversion reaction. After the integration of the machine-learning-based transcoding analysis, this sensor is suitable for multiplexed detection of antibiotics in a broad linear range from pg/mL to ng/mL within 30 min, with an overall accuracy of >99 %. Compared to the conventional standard chemiluminescence immunoassays, this immunosensor is suitable for the accurate quantification of multiple antibiotics in milk, with improved accuracy, reduced costs, and simplified procedure. This ensures its applications in food safety monitoring when simultaneous detection of multiple hazardous substances in food matrices is needed.

抗生素残留是牛奶和其他相关乳制品中最常见的污染物。同时、方便、稳定地检测食品中的抗生素残留对于保障公众健康至关重要。在此，我们提出了一种光学免疫传感器，具有易于功能化的聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒，尺寸和数量不同，并带有多重信号探针，可通过简单的一步信号转换反应同时检测多种抗生素。集成基于机器学习的转码分析后，该传感器适合在 30 分钟内对 pg/mL 至 ng/mL 的宽线性范围内的抗生素进行多重检测，总体准确度 >99%。与传统的标准化学发光免疫分析相比，该免疫传感器适用于牛奶中多种抗生素的准确定量，具有提高的准确性、降低的成本、简化的程序。这确保了其在需要同时检测食品基质中多种有害物质时的食品安全监测中的应用。