The development of dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) has made the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) the most important industrial anode reaction since the 1960s. However, the preparation of DSA depends on the extensive use of precious metals, Ru and Ir, which are expensive and scarce. Herein, a cationic defect adsorption–oxidation anchoring strategy to immobilize oxidized sub-nano ruthenium clusters on 2D low-crystallinity titanium oxide (2D TiO_x) substrate is reported. Through the metal oxide−support interaction, the 2D TiO_x alters the electronic structure of ruthenium oxide (RuO_x), improving its activity, selectivity, and stability for CER. Specifically, the mass activity of the RuO_x/2D TiO_x electrode is 26.5 and 143.5 times higher than that of the state-of-the-art commercial RuO₂ and DSA, respectively, at an overpotential of 100 mV. Moreover, the selectivity of the RuO_x/2D TiO_x electrode to CER is approximately 96.5%, and it exhibits remarkable durability lasting for over 210 h. Therefore, the 2D TiO_x substrate holds significant potential for improving the dispersion, active site density, and atomic utilization of oxidized sub-nano noble metal clusters.

中文翻译：

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氧化钌簇固定在二维氧化钛的阳离子空位中用于析氯反应

尺寸稳定阳极 (DSA) 的发展使析氯反应 (CER) 成为 20 世纪 60 年代以来最重要的工业阳极反应。然而，DSA的制备依赖于贵金属Ru和Ir的大量使用，这些金属价格昂贵且稀缺。在此，报道了一种将氧化亚纳米钌簇固定在二维低结晶度氧化钛（2D TiO _{x ）基底上的阳离子缺陷吸附氧化锚定策略。}通过金属氧化物与载体的相互作用，2D TiO _{x改变了氧化钌 (RuO x} )的电子结构，提高了其 CER 的活性、选择性和稳定性。具体而言，在100 mV的过电势下， RuO _x /2D TiO _x电极的质量活性分别比最先进的商业RuO _{2和DSA高26.5倍和143.5倍。此外，RuO x} /2D TiO _x电极对CER的选择性约为96.5%，并且表现出持续超过210小时的卓越耐久性。因此，2D TiO _x基底在改善氧化亚纳米贵金属簇的分散性、活性位点密度和原子利用率方面具有巨大的潜力。