The present study revisits the differential roles of form, meaning, and use aspects of phonological vocabulary knowledge in L2 listening proficiency. A total of 126 Japanese English-as-a-foreign-language listeners completed the TOEIC Listening test, working memory and auditory processing tests, the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire, and several tasks designed to tap into three broad aspects of phonological vocabulary knowledge: (1) the ability to access phonological forms without any orthographic cues (phonologization), (2) the ability to recognize words regardless of the talker (generalization), and (3) the ability to determine the semantic and collocational appropriateness of words in global contexts in a fast and stable manner (automatization). Whereas the perceptual, cognitive, and metacognitive variables made relatively small contributions to L2 listening proficiency (0.4%–21.3%), the vocabulary factors explained a large amount of the variance (77.6%) in the full regression model (R2 = .507). These large lexical effects uniquely derived from the three different aspects of phonological vocabulary knowledge—automatization (55.3%), phonologization (20.8%), and generalization (1.5%). The findings suggest that successful L2 listening skill acquisition draws on not only various levels of phonological form-meaning mapping (phonologization, generalization) but also the spontaneous and robust retrieval of such vocabulary knowledge in relation to surrounding words (automatization).

中文翻译：

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重新审视二语听力水平的个体差异：语音词汇知识的形式、含义和使用方面的作用

本研究重新探讨了语音词汇知识的形式、含义和使用方面在二语听力水平中的不同作用。共有 126 名日本英语作为外语的听众完成了托业听力测试、工作记忆和听觉处理测试、元认知意识听力问卷以及旨在挖掘语音词汇知识三大方面的多项任务：（ 1) 在没有任何拼字提示的情况下获取语音形式的能力（音系化），(2) 无论说话者是谁，都能够识别单词的能力（泛化），以及 (3) 确定单词在全局上下文中的语义和搭配适当性的能力以快速稳定的方式（自动化）。虽然知觉、认知和元认知变量对二语听力水平的贡献相对较小（0.4%–21.3%），但词汇因素解释了完整回归模型中的大量方差（77.6%）（右2= .507)。这些巨大的词汇效应独特地源自语音词汇知识的三个不同方面——自动化（55.3%）、音系化（20.8%）和泛化（1.5%）。研究结果表明，成功的二语听力技能习得不仅依赖于不同层次的音系形式-意义映射（音系化、泛化），而且依赖于与周围单词相关的词汇知识的自发且稳健的检索（自动化）。