Purpose of Review

Forestry in northern temperate and boreal regions relies heavily on conifers. Rapid climate change and associated increases in adverse growing conditions predispose conifers to pathogens and pests. The much longer generation time and presumably, therefore, lower adaptive capacity of conifers relative to their native or non-native biotic stressors may have devastating consequences. We provide an updated overview of conifer defences underlying pathogen and pest resistance and discuss how defence traits can be used in tree breeding and forest management to improve resistance.

Recent Findings

Breeding of more resilient and stress-resistant trees will benefit from new genomic tools, such as genotyping arrays with increased genomic coverage, which will aid in genomic and relationship-based selection strategies. However, to successfully increase the resilience of conifer forests, improved genetic materials from breeding programs must be combined with more flexible and site-specific adaptive forest management.

Summary

Successful breeding programs to improve conifer resistance to pathogens and pests provide hope as well as valuable lessons: with a coordinated and sustained effort, increased resistance can be achieved. However, mechanisms underlying resistance against one stressor, even if involving many genes, may not provide any protection against other sympatric stressors. To maintain the adaptive capacity of conifer forests, it is important to keep high genetic diversity in the tree breeding programs. Choosing forest management options that include diversification of tree-species and forest structure and are coupled with the use of genetically improved plants and assisted migration is a proactive measure to increase forest resistance and resilience to foreseen and unanticipated biotic stressors in a changing climate.

中文翻译：

---

针叶树对病原体和害虫的防御——机制、育种和管理

审查目的

北温带和寒带地区的林业严重依赖针叶树。气候的快速变化和不利生长条件的增加使针叶树容易受到病原体和害虫的侵害。因此，针叶树相对于其本地或非本地生物胁迫源的世代时间更长，因此可能具有较低的适应能力，可能会产生毁灭性的后果。我们提供了针叶树防御病原体和害虫抗性的最新概述，并讨论了如何在树木育种和森林管理中使用防御性状来提高抗性。

最近的发现

培育更具弹性和抗逆性的树木将受益于新的基因组工具，例如具有增加的基因组覆盖率的基因分型阵列，这将有助于基因组和基于关系的选择策略。然而，为了成功提高针叶林的恢复力，育种计划中改良的遗传材料必须与更灵活和针对具体地点的适应性森林管理相结合。

概括

提高针叶树对病原体和害虫抗性的成功育种计划提供了希望，也提供了宝贵的经验教训：通过协调和持续的努力，可以提高抗性。然而，针对一种压力源的抵抗机制，即使涉及许多基因，也可能无法针对其他同域压力源提供任何保护。为了保持针叶林的适应能力，在树木育种计划中保持高度的遗传多样性非常重要。选择森林管理方案，包括树种和森林结构的多样化，并结合使用转基因植物和辅助迁徙，是增强森林在气候变化中对可预见和不可预见的生物压力源的抵抗力和复原力的一项积极措施。