Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to overcome obstacles separating them from significant outcomes. In a complex environment, organisms make cost/benefit decisions, assessing work-related response costs and reinforcer preference. Animal studies have challenged the general idea that dopamine (DA) is best viewed as the reward transmitter and instead have illustrated the involvement of DA in activational and effort-related processes. Mesocorticolimbic DA is a key component of the effort-related motivational circuitry that includes multiple neurotransmitters and brain areas. Human studies have identified brain areas and transmitter systems involved in effort-based decision making and characterized the reduced selection of high-effort activities associated with motivational symptoms of depression and schizophrenia. Animal and human research on the neurochemistry of behavioral activation and effort-related processes makes an important conceptual contribution by illustrating the dissociable nature of distinct aspects of motivation.

中文翻译：

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动机激活方面的神经生物学：努力的付出、基于努力的决策和多巴胺的作用


激励过程是复杂和多方面的，既有方向性的，也有激活性的。行为激活和努力是使生物体能够克服使它们无法获得重要结果的障碍的功能。在复杂的环境中，生物体做出成本/收益决策，评估与工作相关的响应成本和强化物偏好。动物研究挑战了多巴胺 （DA） 最好被视为奖励递质的一般观点，相反，它说明了 DA 参与激活和努力相关过程。中皮质边缘 DA 是与努力相关的动机回路的关键组成部分，包括多种神经递质和大脑区域。人类研究已经确定了参与基于努力的决策的大脑区域和发射器系统，并表征了与抑郁症和精神分裂症的动机症状相关的高强度活动的选择减少。动物和人类对行为激活和努力相关过程的神经化学的研究通过说明动机不同方面的可分离性，做出了重要的概念贡献。