合流下水道系统的微污染物排放量将随着暴风雨频率的增加而增加,Environmental Science & Technology Letters

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合流下水道系统的微污染物排放量将随着暴风雨频率的增加而增加
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00634
Nic R. Bury ₁ , Reegan Copp ₁ , Eloise Buck ₁ , Charlene Desouza ₁ , Amelia Ferrari ₁ , Frederick R. Bury ₂ , Michael A. Chadwick ₃

Affiliation

在少雨或无雨期间，废水处理厂 (WWTP) 从包含生活和工业废水的合流下水道接收干旱天气流量 (DWF)。在大雨期间，从不透水表面流出的过量水与 DWF 相结合，会给下水道系统的容量带来压力。为了防止污水溢出，较大的污水处理厂配备了暴雨溢流水箱来储存多余的水，然后在雨停时重新进入污水处理厂。在极端降雨事件中，水箱可能无法提供足够的缓冲，并且允许自来水公司将合并的下水道溢流作为未经处理的水直接排放到受纳水体中，以防止下水道系统中受污染的水积聚，这是一种策略遍布全球。全球风暴事件的频率、强度和持续时间不断增加，随着城市地区不透水面积的增加，排水系统将进一步被淹没。在英国，自来水公司有法定义务报告暴风雨期间未处理废水排放的小时数。河流信托基金 (https://theriverstrust.org/sewage-map) 从事件持续时间监测 (EDM) 网络整理的数据显示，2022 年，包括伦敦在内的泰晤士地区排放了 74,693 小时未经处理的废水。泰晤士河及其支流，全国范围内的小时数超过 240 万小时。令人担忧的是，越来越多的证据表明，在少雨或无雨时发生未处理的污水排放。（1）有关河流和浴场粪便、肠道细菌水平和污水真菌繁殖的报告，以及养分输入的增加导致富营养化和缺氧事件增加，导致鱼类和水生大型无脊椎动物死亡。公众的意识。然而，废水是其他化学物质的混合物，被称为微污染物，如药品、个人护理产品、洗涤剂和清洁产品，最近对淡水的全球分析发现药品无处不在。(2) 污水处理厂降低废水中微污染物浓度的能力取决于基础设施（例如二级或三级废水处理工艺）和化学品降解的倾向。(3) 但从逻辑上讲，如果废水不进入污水处理厂，例如在暴风雨溢流期间，则不会发生微污染物去除。由于泰晤士河目前的风暴溢流排放量，我们想要估计与该源头相关的药物排放量。为了估算泰晤士流域每年污水处理厂处理的污水量，我们采用了平均干燥天气流量 (DWF) 0.236 m ³/d/人，(4) 并根据 13 个具有不同处理设施（活性污泥和滴滤池）、服务于不同人口规模（3,774-3,760,000）的污水处理厂的数据，计算出代表性污水处理厂的平均排放率，从而得出污水处理厂平均排放量为 6,763,532 升/小时 (SI1)。该数据用于计算泰晤士地区估计 1500 万人口的总排放量。使用这些参数计算的 2022 年 DWF 排放总量为 1.3 × 10 ¹² L (SI1)。我们没有风暴溢流量的数据；然而，药物的总质量将取决于 DWF 成分，DWF 成分是根据污水处理厂平均排放量 5.1 × 10 ^11计算的L 在原污水排放的 74,693 小时内（SI1）。为了计算从 DWF 污水处理厂出水和未处理的 DWF + 暴雨溢流中进入泰晤士河的药物质量比例，我们使用了泰晤士河流域污水处理厂进水和出水中测量的 27 种药物的浓度 (4,5) （SI2）。风暴溢流事件中 DWF 的体积对进入泰晤士河的 27 种药物的总质量做出了相当大的贡献，估计为 88,172 千克，而 2022 年污水处理厂出水量为 5035 千克，即 94.6% (SI2)。风暴溢流产生的大部分药物主要是对乙酰氨基酚（扑热息痛），它被公众广泛用于缓解疼痛，但几乎已被污水处理厂完全清除。(4) 在另外评估的 26 种药物中，超过 50% 的质量可归因于 9 种药物的风暴溢流输入（双嘧达莫，73.1%；阿替洛尔，66.1%；克拉霉素，63.3%；四环素，87.2%；苯扎贝特，69.8%，酮洛芬，64.3%；萘普生，82.3%；茶碱，93.6%；速尿，54.6%）以及 17 种 DWF 流出物（地尔硫卓，51.6%；丙吡胺，69.4%；美托洛尔，66.2%；普萘洛尔 62.7%；阿奇霉素，52.5） %；罗红霉素，75.5%；阿米替林，51.9%；卡马西平，75.8%，灰黄霉素，66.9%；磺胺甲恶唑，57.8%；舒必利，81.4%；双氯芬酸 64.6%，吲哚美辛，73.7%，沙丁胺醇，67.7%。风暴事件期间进入河流的药物量将取决于当地人口的药物使用模式和处理厂内的药物去除率。(3) 环境中浓度的药物对水生生物群的影响仍不确定。(2) 随着处方率的上升、人口比例的提高以及中低收入国家的人口获得药品的机会增多，投入可能会增加。风暴事件的增加将淹没全球污水处理厂，我们的观察强调，了解区域处方偏差的重要性、去除率的变化 (3) 以及对动物健康的影响以预测潜在的不利影响非常重要。如果我们要保护野生动物免受各种污染物的侵害，就需要采取大胆而富有远见的方法来改善污水处理厂基础设施以去除这些化学物质。这种方法有先例，瑞士在 2014 年推出了《水保护法案》（瑞士联邦委员会 814.201），要求 130 个污水处理厂安装臭氧和活性炭，以减少废水中微污染物的输入。然而，其成本可能令许多国家望而却步。正在进行的几项有希望的其他技术试验（光催化膜反应器、电过氧化氢工艺、过氧化氢、紫外线光反应器、生物炭）可能会提供更便宜的替代品，并且在空间允许的情况下，基于自然的解决方案（例如人工湿地）将减少废物和微污染物和增强淡水栖息地的异质性，解决其他关键的全球挑战，例如淡水和沿海生物多样性丧失。支持信息可在 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00634 免费获取。SI1：泰晤士河干燥天气流量和风暴溢流量的计算 (PDF) SI2：大量药品结果汇总表 (XLSX) 大多数电子支持信息文件无需订阅 ACS 网络版即可获得。此类文件可以按文章下载用于研究用途（如果有链接到相关文章的公共使用许可证，则该许可证可能允许其他用途）。可以通过 RightsLink 许可系统提出请求，从 ACS 获得许可用于其他用途：http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html。Nic R. Bury 是南安普顿大学的水生毒理学家。他的博士学位。他在邓迪大学专注于蓝藻对鱼类的影响，并在荷兰奈梅亨的拉德堡德大学担任多个博士后职位；加拿大麦克马斯特大学；INRA，雷恩，法国；和埃克塞特大学专注于金属毒性和鱼类的应激反应。他在伦敦国王学院工作了 16 年，在那里他的研究小组和同事开发了虹鳟鱼原代鱼鳃细胞培养物，用于评估鱼类体内的药物积累。他还密切致力于监测河流和河口生物群中的药物，并根据这些测量结果预测潜在影响。正是在这些研究中，我们发现淡水虾中存在可卡因。目前的工作重点是开发生物传感器和计算方法来预测物种对污染物的敏感性。Reegan Copp 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学和海洋学理学硕士学位。Eloise Buck 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学理学硕士学位。Charlene Desouza 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学理学硕士学位。阿米莉亚·法拉利 (Amelia Ferrari) 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学理学硕士学位。Frederick R. Bury 拥有南安普顿大学动物学理学硕士学位 Michael A. Chadwick 是伦敦国王学院生态与环境科学教授。NRB 得到自然环境研究基金参考号 NE/X000192/1 的支持。本文参考了其他 5 篇出版物。这篇文章尚未被其他出版物引用。Nic R. Bury 是南安普顿大学的水生毒理学家。他的博士学位。他在邓迪大学专注于蓝藻对鱼类的影响，并在荷兰奈梅亨的拉德堡德大学担任多个博士后职位；加拿大麦克马斯特大学；INRA，雷恩，法国；和埃克塞特大学专注于金属毒性和鱼类的应激反应。他在伦敦国王学院度过了 16 年，他的研究小组和同事们，开发了虹鳟鱼原代鱼鳃细胞培养物，用于评估鱼体内的药物积累。他还密切致力于监测河流和河口生物群中的药物，并根据这些测量结果预测潜在影响。正是在这些研究中，我们发现淡水虾中存在可卡因。目前的工作重点是开发生物传感器和计算方法来预测物种对污染物的敏感性。Reegan Copp 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学和海洋学理学硕士学位。Eloise Buck 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学理学硕士学位。Charlene Desouza 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学理学硕士学位。阿米莉亚·法拉利 (Amelia Ferrari) 拥有南安普顿大学海洋生物学理学硕士学位。Frederick R. Bury 拥有南安普顿大学动物学理学硕士学位 Michael A. Chadwick 是伦敦国王学院生态与环境科学教授。本文参考了其他 5 篇出版物。支持信息可在 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00634 免费获取。SI1：泰晤士河干燥天气流量和风暴溢流量的计算 (PDF) SI2：大量药品结果汇总表 (XLSX) 大多数电子支持信息文件无需订阅 ACS 网络版即可获得。此类文件可以按文章下载用于研究用途（如果有链接到相关文章的公共使用许可证，则该许可证可能允许其他用途）。可以通过 RightsLink 许可系统提出请求，从 ACS 获得许可用于其他用途：http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html。SI1：泰晤士河干燥天气流量和风暴溢流量的计算 (PDF) SI2：大量药品结果汇总表 (XLSX) 大多数电子支持信息文件无需订阅 ACS 网络版即可获得。此类文件可以按文章下载用于研究用途（如果有链接到相关文章的公共使用许可证，则该许可证可能允许其他用途）。可以通过 RightsLink 许可系统提出请求，从 ACS 获得许可用于其他用途：http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html。SI1：泰晤士河干燥天气流量和风暴溢流量的计算 (PDF) SI2：大量药品结果汇总表 (XLSX) 大多数电子支持信息文件无需订阅 ACS 网络版即可获得。此类文件可以按文章下载用于研究用途（如果有链接到相关文章的公共使用许可证，则该许可证可能允许其他用途）。可以通过 RightsLink 许可系统提出请求，从 ACS 获得许可用于其他用途：http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html。

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Micropollutant Discharge from Combined Sewer Systems Will Increase with Storm Frequency

During times of little or no rain, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive dry weather flow (DWF) from combined sewers containing domestic and industrial wastewater. During severe rain events, the excess water flowing off impervious surfaces combined with the DWF puts a strain on the capacity of the sewer system. To prevent sewage overflows, larger WWTP are fitted with storm overflow tanks to store excess water which then re-enters the WWTP on cessation of the rain. In extreme rain events, the tanks may not be a sufficient buffer, and the water utility companies are permitted to discharge this combined sewer overflow as untreated water directly into the receiving water body to prevent the buildup of contaminated water in the sewer system, a strategy seen throughout the globe. The global frequency, intensity, and duration of storm events is increasing, and along with the increase in impervious surfaces areas in urban areas, drainage systems will be further inundated. In the United Kingdom, the water utility companies have a statutory obligation to report the number of hours of untreated wastewater discharge during storms. The data collated by the Rivers Trust (https://theriverstrust.org/sewage-map) from the Event Duration Monitoring (EDM) network shows that in 2022 in the Thames region, that includes London, 74,693 h of untreated wastewater was discharged in the River Thames and its tributaries, and nationally the number of hours exceeds 2.4 M. Worryingly, there is also mounting evidence of raw sewage discharge occurring at times of little or no rain. (1) The reports of increases in fecal matter, enteric bacteria levels, and proliferation of sewage fungus in rivers and bathing areas, as well as the increase in nutrient input causing eutrophication and increased hypoxia events resulting in fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate kills, have raised awareness among the public. Wastewater is, however, a cocktail of other chemicals, referred to as micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, detergents, and cleaning products, and a recent global analysis of freshwater found pharmaceuticals are ubiquitous. (2) The ability of a WWTP to reduce micropollutant concentrations in effluent depends on the infrastructure (e.g., secondary or tertiary wastewater treatment processes) and propensity of the chemical to degrade. (3) But logically, if wastewater does not enter the WWTP, e.g., during storm overflow, then no micropollutant removal occurs. Due to the current volume of storm overflow discharge in the River Thames we wanted to estimate the mass of pharmaceutical discharge associated with this source. To estimate the annual WWTP-treated effluent volume in the Thames catchment, we took the average calculated dry weather flow (DWF), 0.236 m³/d/person, (4) and used this to calculate the average discharge rate for a representative WWTP based on data from 13 WWTP with different treatment facilities (activate sludge and trickling filter) serving differing population sizes (3774–3,760,000) to derive a WWTP average discharge rate of 6,763,532 L/h (SI1). This was used to calculate the total volume discharge for an estimated population of 15 million people in the Thames region. The total volume of DWF discharge in 2022 using these parameters is 1.3 × 10¹² L (SI1). We do not have data on the volume of storm overflow; however, the total mass of drugs will be dependent on the DWF component which is calculated based on the WWTP average discharge rate as 5.1 × 10¹¹ L during the 74,693 h of raw sewage dsicharge (SI1). To calculate the proportion of the mass of drug entering the River Thames from DWF WWTP effluent and combined untreated DWF + storm overflow, we used the concentrations of 27 drugs measured in the influent and effluent of WWTP in the River Thames catchment (4,5) (SI2). The volume of DWF in a storm overflow event makes a considerable contribution to the total mass of the 27 pharmaceuticals into the River Thames estimated to be 88,172 kg, in comparison to WWTP effluent of 5035 kg, or 94.6% for 2022 (SI2). The large proportion of drugs from storm overflow is dominated by acetaminophen (paracetamol) which is extensively used by the public as pain relief and is almost completely removed by WWTP. (4) Of the further 26 drugs assessed, >50% of mass was attributable to storm overflow input for 9 drugs (dipyridamole, 73.1%; atenolol, 66.1%; clarithromycin, 63.3%, tetracycline, 87.2%, bezafibrate, 69.8%, ketoprofen, 64.3%, naproxen, 82.3%; theophylline, 93.6% and furosemide, 54.6%) and to DWF effluent for 17 (diltiazem, 51.6%; disopyramide, 69.4%; metoprolol, 66.2%; propranolol62.7%; azithromycin, 52.5%; roxithromycin, 75.5%; amitriptyline, 51.9%; carbamazepine, 75.8%, griseofulvin, 66.9%; sulfamethoxazole, 57.8%; sulpiride, 81.4%; diclofenac 64.6%, indomethacin, 73.7% and salbutamol, 67.7%). The mass of drugs entering rivers during storm events will depend on local population drug use patterns and removal rates of drugs within treatment plants. (3) The effects of pharmaceuticals to aquatic biota at concentrations found in the environment are still uncertain. (2) Inputs are likely to increase as prescription rates rise, as the proportion of the population ages and the populations of lower- and middle-income countries gain greater access to pharmaceuticals. The increase in storm events will inundate WWTP around the globe, and our observations highlight it will be of importance to understand the significance of regional prescriptions biases, the variation in removal rates, (3) and impact on animal health to predict potential adverse effects. If we are to protect wildlife from all types of pollutants, it will require bold and visionary approaches to improve WWTP infrastructure to remove these chemicals. There is precedent for such an approach where Switzerland introduced a Water Protection act in 2014 (The Swiss Federal Council 814.201) which mandated that 130 WWTP were fitted with ozone and activated charcoal to reduce the input of micropollutants in effluent. The costs, however, are likely to be prohibitive for many countries. Several promising ongoing trials with other technologies (photocatalytic membrane reactors, electro-peroxone processes, hydrogen peroxide, UV photoreactors, biochar) may offer cheaper alternatives, and where space allows, a nature-based solution such as constructed wetlands will reduce waste and micropollutants and enhance freshwater habitat heterogeneity, addressing other key global challenges such as freshwater and coastal biodiversity loss. The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00634. SI1: Calculations for dry weather flow and storm overflow volume in the River Thames (PDF) SI2: Summary table of results for mas of pharmaceuticals (XLSX) Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html. Nic R. Bury is an aquatic toxicologist based at the University of Southampton. His Ph.D. at the University of Dundee focused ont the effects of cyanobacteria to fish, and his numerous postdoctoral positions at Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Macmaster University, Canada; INRA, Rennes, France; and University of Exeter focused on metal toxicity and the stress response in fish. He spent 16 years at King’s College London where his research group, and colleagues, developed the rainbow trout primary fish gill cell culture for use to assess pharmaceutical accumulation in fish. He has also worked closely on monitoring drugs in river and estuarine biota and predicting potential effects based on these measurements. It was during these studies that we identified the presence of cocaine in freshwater shrimp. Current work is focusing on developing biosensors and computational methods to predict species sensitivity to pollutants. Reegan Copp has a marine biology with oceanography Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Eloise Buck has a marine biology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Charlene Desouza has a marine biology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Amelia Ferrari has a marine biology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Frederick R. Bury has a zoology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton Michael A. Chadwick is a professor of ecology and environmental science at King’s College London. NRB is supported by a Natural Environmental Research Grant reference number NE/X000192/1. This article references 5 other publications. This article has not yet been cited by other publications. Nic R. Bury is an aquatic toxicologist based at the University of Southampton. His Ph.D. at the University of Dundee focused ont the effects of cyanobacteria to fish, and his numerous postdoctoral positions at Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Macmaster University, Canada; INRA, Rennes, France; and University of Exeter focused on metal toxicity and the stress response in fish. He spent 16 years at King’s College London where his research group, and colleagues, developed the rainbow trout primary fish gill cell culture for use to assess pharmaceutical accumulation in fish. He has also worked closely on monitoring drugs in river and estuarine biota and predicting potential effects based on these measurements. It was during these studies that we identified the presence of cocaine in freshwater shrimp. Current work is focusing on developing biosensors and computational methods to predict species sensitivity to pollutants. Reegan Copp has a marine biology with oceanography Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Eloise Buck has a marine biology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Charlene Desouza has a marine biology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Amelia Ferrari has a marine biology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton. Frederick R. Bury has a zoology Master of Science degree from the University of Southampton Michael A. Chadwick is a professor of ecology and environmental science at King’s College London. This article references 5 other publications. The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00634. SI1: Calculations for dry weather flow and storm overflow volume in the River Thames (PDF) SI2: Summary table of results for mas of pharmaceuticals (XLSX) Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

更新日期：2023-09-27

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