Purpose of Review

Wood-based adsorbents are increasingly used for environmental applications. They demonstrate considerable advantages, including renewable feedstock, relatively simple preparation processes, and advantageous structural and surface properties. In short, they provide environmentally friendly, effective, and economical sources for contaminant removal. This review summarizes recent advances in the preparation and use of selected modified wood-based residues (biochar, ash, and cellulose) as adsorbents for environmental applications (water, air, and soil remediation).

Recent Findings

Although chemical modifications have produced better results for wood-based adsorbents, the inherent corrosion problems and safety issues have made physical modifications more feasible on an industrial scale. For environmental remediation, inorganic contaminants can be removed by raw and modified wood-based adsorbents, mainly via electrostatic interaction, surface complexation, pore filling, and ion exchange. Organic contaminants are removed via van der Waals forces between unsaturated polycyclic molecules, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. Specific surface area and porosity are critical parameters for effective contaminant adsorption, mostly from water and air. A comparison of wood-based residues used for wastewater treatment ranked the efficiency as ash > cellulose > biochar versus cellulose > biochar > ash for air remediation. Adding modified wood residues to soil enhances the fertility and biological characteristics in addition to remediation. Moreover, spent wood-based adsorbents can be used in construction materials, soil fertilizers, and catalysts.

Summary

This review summarizes classical and new physical and chemical methods for modifying wood adsorbents and the impacts on physiochemical characteristics such as porosity, pore volume, surface area, and surface functional groups. Also addressed are the adsorption capacity and efficiency of raw and modified wood adsorbents for removing contaminants from synthetic effluents, mine water, air, and soil. Valorization methods for spent modified wood-based adsorbents are then outlined. Suggestions and prospects are given for future studies on environmental decontamination by wood residues.

中文翻译：

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用于去除污染物的改性木质吸附剂的进展：增值方法、改性机制和环境应用

审查目的

木质吸附剂越来越多地用于环境应用。它们表现出相当大的优势，包括可再生原料、相对简单的制备工艺以及有利的结构和表面性能。简而言之，它们为污染物去除提供了环保、有效且经济的来源。本综述总结了选定的改性木材残留物（生物炭、灰分和纤维素）作为环境应用（水、空气和土壤修复）吸附剂的制备和使用的最新进展。

最近的发现

尽管化学改性为木质吸附剂带来了更好的效果，但固有的腐蚀问题和安全问题使得物理改性在工业规模上更加可行。对于环境修复，无机污染物可以通过原始和改性木质吸附剂去除，主要通过静电相互作用、表面络合、孔隙填充和离子交换。有机污染物通过不饱和多环分子之间的范德华力、孔隙填充和氢键去除。比表面积和孔隙率是有效吸附污染物（主要来自水和空气）的关键参数。对用于废水处理的木质残留物进行比较，将效率排序为灰分>纤维素>生物炭与纤维素>生物炭>灰分用于空气修复。除了修复作用之外，向土壤中添加改性木材残留物还可以增强肥力和生物特性。此外，废木质吸附剂还可用于建筑材料、土壤肥料和催化剂。

概括

本综述总结了木材吸附剂改性的经典和新的物理和化学方法以及对孔隙率、孔体积、表面积和表面官能团等物理化学特性的影响。还讨论了原始和改性木材吸附剂的吸附能力和效率，用于去除合成废水、矿井水、空气和土壤中的污染物。然后概述了废改性木基吸附剂的增值方法。对木材残留物环境净化的未来研究提出了建议和展望。