The sustainability of air transport is increasingly studied in relation to climate issues. The objective of this paper is to provide the key elements for assessing whether a given transition scenario for aviation could be considered as sustainable in the context of the Paris Agreement. Addressing this question relies on a broad range of concepts which are reviewed. First, ethical considerations related to effort-sharing mitigation principles and physical considerations on climate impacts of aviation are introduced. Then, the technological levers of action for mitigating CO₂ and non-CO₂ effects are detailed. Concerning CO₂ emissions, low-carbon alternative energy carriers represent the main lever, with a wide range of solutions with varying degrees of maturity and decarbonization potentials. Other significant CO₂ levers include improving aircraft architecture efficiency and accelerating fleet renewal. Concerning non-CO₂ effects, contrail effect mitigation through operational strategies is one of the most promising lever. Aviation transition scenarios are then reviewed, with a particular focus on scenario simulation and sustainability assessment methodologies. Prospective scenarios are a useful framework for assessing the impacts of technological levers on the achievement of climate objectives. This review leads to the conclusion that technological levers have an important role to play in making aviation sustainable; however, significant uncertainties weigh on their feasibility, particularly for the most ambitious scenarios which rely on strong technological and political trade-off assumptions. The paper ends by raising the question about the meaning of sustainable aviation, which must be based on technological but also, for instance, social, economic and ethical considerations.

人们越来越多地研究航空运输的可持续性与气候问题的关系。本文的目的是提供关键要素，用于评估特定的航空转型情景在《巴黎协定》的背景下是否可以被视为可持续。解决这个问题依赖于所审查的广泛概念。首先，介绍了与努力共享缓解原则相关的道德考虑因素以及航空气候影响的物理考虑因素。然后，详细介绍了减轻CO ₂和非CO ₂影响的技术手段。关于CO ₂碳排放方面，低碳替代能源载体是主要杠杆，拥有多种不同成熟度和脱碳潜力的解决方案。其他重要的 CO ₂杠杆包括提高飞机结构效率和加速机队更新。关于非CO ₂影响，通过运营策略缓解尾迹效应是最有前途的杠杆之一。然后审查航空转型情景，特别关注情景模拟和可持续性评估方法。前瞻性情景是评估技术杠杆对实现气候目标的影响的有用框架。本次审查得出的结论是，技术杠杆在实现航空可持续发展方面发挥着重要作用；然而，巨大的不确定性影响了它们的可行性，特别是对于依赖强有力的技术和政治权衡假设的最雄心勃勃的设想而言。本文最后提出了可持续航空的含义问题，可持续航空必须基于技术，但也必须基于社会、