Whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) were synthesized using the microwave irradiation method, and its amine-rich surface functionality was crosslinked with covalently bound Iodine functionalized 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) to produce WCND-DHFI. The physicochemical characterization of both WCND and WCND-DHFI was performed and compared to comprehend the consequence of iodination on the characteristics of WCND. The suitability of CND in biological environments was evaluated through in vitro cytocompatibility and Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay, as well as a hemocompatibility study. WCND-DHFI has shown enhanced cell viability against WCND. Further, the antibacterial properties of both CNDs were studied against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, representing an enhancement in antibacterial activity after DHFI crosslinking. WCND-DHFI has depicted a stable and prominent bacteriostatic activity for up to 6 h for both strains of bacteria. WCND-DHFI has denoted a 99.996% and 99.999% loss of bacterial viability for gram-positive and negative strains, respectively. Novel surface functionalization portrays an improvement in antibacterial activity. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy represent the cell wall rupturing by the WCND-DHFI, resulting in bacterial death. The ROS-mediated bacteriostatic mechanism of WCND-DHFI has been explored through assessing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation assay. Moreover, the oxidative damage of DNA also has been explored. WCND-DHFI is performing as a promising cytocompatible and hemocompatible material for antibacterial applications.

采用微波辐射法合成了乳清蛋白衍生的碳纳米点（WCND），其富含胺的表面官能团与共价结合的碘功能化2,5-二甲氧基-2,5-二氢呋喃（DHFI）交联生成WCND-DHFI 。对 WCND 和 WCND-DHFI 进行物理化学表征并进行比较，以了解碘化对 WCND 特性的影响。通过体外细胞相容性和绒毛尿囊膜 (CAM) 测定以及血液相容性研究评估 CND 在生物环境中的适用性。WCND-DHFI 已显示出针对 WCND 的细胞活力增强。此外，研究了两种 CND 对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌菌株的抗菌特性，表明 DHFI 交联后抗菌活性增强。WCND-DHFI 对两种细菌菌株均表现出长达 6 小时的稳定且显着的抑菌活性。WCND-DHFI 表明革兰氏阳性菌株和阴性菌株的细菌活力分别丧失 99.996% 和 99.999%。新型表面功能化显示出抗菌活性的提高。透射和扫描电子显微镜显示 WCND-DHFI 导致细胞壁破裂，导致细菌死亡。通过评估脂质过氧化和蛋白质氧化测定，探索了 WCND-DHFI 的 ROS 介导的抑菌机制。此外，还对DNA的氧化损伤进行了探索。WCND-DHFI 是一种有前景的细胞相容性和血液相容性材料，可用于抗菌应用。