As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective vaccines have complicated the landscape of individual immunological histories. Here, we review some key findings for antibody and B cell–mediated immunity, including responses to the highly mutated omicron variants; immunological imprinting and other impacts of successive viral antigenic variant exposures on antibody and B cell memory; responses in secondary lymphoid and mucosal tissues and non-neutralizing antibody-mediated immunity; responses in populations vulnerable to severe disease such as those with cancer, immunodeficiencies, and other comorbidities, as well as populations showing apparent resistance to severe disease such as many African populations; and evidence of antibody involvement in postacute sequelae of infection or long COVID. Despite the initial phase of the pandemic ending, human populations will continue to face challenges presented by this unpredictable virus.

中文翻译：

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抗体和 B 细胞对 SARS-CoV-2 感染和疫苗接种的反应：开始的结束


随着 COVID-19 大流行在过去几年中的演变，人类免疫系统、快速突变和选定的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒变体以及有效疫苗之间的相互作用使个体免疫学历史的前景复杂化。在这里，我们回顾了抗体和 B 细胞介导的免疫的一些关键发现，包括对高度突变的 omicron 变体的反应;免疫印记和连续病毒抗原变体暴露对抗体和 B 细胞记忆的其他影响;次级淋巴和粘膜组织的反应以及非中和抗体介导的免疫;易患重症的人群（如癌症、免疫缺陷和其他合并症患者）以及对重症表现出明显抵抗力的人群（如许多非洲人群）的反应;以及抗体参与感染或长期 COVID 后遗症的证据。尽管大流行的初始阶段已经结束，但人类将继续面临这种不可预测的病毒带来的挑战。