The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O2 to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O2 limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O2 inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O2 and accelerating reports of coastal mass mortality events. The dynamic balance of O2 supply and demand provides a unifying framework for understanding these phenomena across scales from the global ocean to individual organisms. Using this framework, we synthesize recent advances in forecasting O2 loss and its impacts on marine biogeography, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. We also highlight three outstanding uncertainties: how long-term global climate change intensifies ocean weather events in which simultaneous heat and hypoxia create metabolic storms, how differential species O2 sensitivities alter the structure of ecological communities, and how global O2 loss intersects with coastal eutrophication. Projecting these interacting impacts on future marine ecosystems requires integration of climate dynamics, biogeochemistry, physiology, and ecology, evaluated with an eye on Earth history. Reducing global and local impacts of warming and O2 loss will be essential if humankind is to preserve the health and biodiversity of the future ocean.

中文翻译：

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气候、氧气和海洋生物多样性的未来


海洋通过向大气中增加 O2 使地球上的生命多样化，但海洋物种仍然最容易受到 O2 的限制。人类工业化通过全球增加热量和局部添加营养物质来消耗海洋的 O2 库存，从而加剧了对海洋生态系统的有氧挑战。历史观测显示，上层海洋 O2 下降了 ∼2%，沿海大规模死亡事件的报告加速。O2 供需的动态平衡为理解从全球海洋到单个生物体的尺度上的这些现象提供了一个统一的框架。使用这个框架，我们综合了预测 O2 损失及其对海洋生物地理学、生物多样性和生物地球化学影响的最新进展。我们还强调了三个突出的不确定性：长期的全球气候变化如何加剧海洋天气事件，其中高温和缺氧同时产生代谢风暴，物种 O2 敏感性差异如何改变生态群落的结构，以及全球 O2 损失如何与沿海富营养化相交。预测这些对未来海洋生态系统的相互作用影响需要整合气候动力学、生物地球化学、生理学和生态学，并着眼于地球历史进行评估。如果人类要保护未来海洋的健康和生物多样性，减少变暖和 O2 损失对全球和地方的影响将至关重要。