Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems, providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as many ecosystem services. However, climate change poses a significant threat to foundation species and the ecosystems they support. We review the impacts of climate change on common marine foundation species, including corals, kelps, seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves, and bivalves. It is evident that marine foundation species have already been severely impacted by several climate change drivers, often through interactive effects with other human stressors, such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development. Despite considerable variation in geographical, environmental, and ecological contexts, direct and indirect effects of gradual warming and subsequent heatwaves have emerged as the most pervasive drivers of observed impact and potent threat across all marine foundation species, but effects from sea level rise, ocean acidification, and increased storminess are expected to increase. Documented impacts include changes in the genetic structures, physiology, abundance, and distribution of the foundation species themselves and changes to their interactions with other species, with flow-on effects to associated communities, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. We discuss strategies to support marine foundation species into the Anthropocene, in order to increase their resilience and ensure the persistence of the ecosystem services they provide.

中文翻译：

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气候变化对海洋基础物种的影响


海洋基础物种是世界上许多沿海生态系统的生物基础，为无数动植物以及许多生态系统服务提供结构性栖息地、食物和保护。然而，气候变化对基础物种及其支持的生态系统构成了重大威胁。我们回顾了气候变化对常见海洋基础物种的影响，包括珊瑚、海带、海草、盐沼植物、红树林和双壳类。很明显，海洋基础物种已经受到多种气候变化驱动因素的严重影响，通常是通过与其他人类压力源（如污染、过度捕捞和沿海开发）的交互影响。尽管地理、环境和生态环境存在很大差异，但逐渐变暖和随后的热浪的直接和间接影响已成为所有海洋基础物种观察到的影响和强大威胁的最普遍驱动因素，但海平面上升、海洋酸化和风暴增加的影响预计将增加。记录在案的影响包括基础物种本身的遗传结构、生理学、丰度和分布的变化，以及它们与其他物种相互作用的变化，对相关群落、生物多样性和生态系统功能产生连锁影响。我们讨论了支持海洋基础物种进入人类世的策略，以提高它们的复原力并确保它们提供的生态系统服务的持久性。