In the outer solar system, a growing number of giant planet satellites are now known to be abodes for global oceans hidden below an outer layer of ice. These planetary oceans are a natural laboratory for studying physical oceanographic processes in settings that challenge traditional assumptions made for Earth's oceans. While some driving mechanisms are common to both systems, such as buoyancy-driven flows and tides, others, such as libration, precession, and electromagnetic pumping, are likely more significant for moons in orbit around a host planet. Here, we review these mechanisms and how they may operate across the solar system, including their implications for ice–ocean interactions. Future studies should continue to advance our understanding of each of these processes as well as how they may act together in concert. This interplay also has strong implications for habitability as well as testing oceanic hypotheses with future missions.

中文翻译：

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冰雪覆盖的卫星的物理海洋学


在外太阳系中，现在已知越来越多的巨型行星卫星是隐藏在冰层外层下的全球海洋的住所。这些行星海洋是研究物理海洋学过程的天然实验室，挑战了对地球海洋的传统假设。虽然一些驱动机制对两个系统来说是通用的，例如浮力驱动的流动和潮汐，但其他驱动机制，例如天平、岁差和电磁泵送，对于围绕主行星轨道的卫星可能更重要。在这里，我们回顾了这些机制以及它们如何在太阳系中运作，包括它们对冰-海洋相互作用的影响。未来的研究应该继续推进我们对这些过程的理解，以及它们如何协同作用。这种相互作用对宜居性以及用未来任务检验海洋假设也有很大的影响。