Marine invertebrates are ecologically and economically important and have formed holobionts by evolving symbiotic relationships with cellular and acellular microorganisms that reside in and on their tissues. In recent decades, significant focus on symbiotic cellular microorganisms has led to the discovery of various functions and a considerable expansion of our knowledge of holobiont functions. Despite this progress, our understanding of symbiotic acellular microorganisms remains insufficient, impeding our ability to achieve a comprehensive understanding of marine holobionts. In this review, we highlight the abundant viruses, with a particular emphasis on bacteriophages; provide an overview of their diversity, especially in extensively studied sponges and corals; and examine their potential life cycles. In addition, we discuss potential phage–holobiont interactions of various invertebrates, including participating in initial bacterial colonization, maintaining symbiotic relationships, and causing or exacerbating the diseases of marine invertebrates. Despite the importance of this subject, knowledge of how viruses contribute to marine invertebrate organisms remains limited. Advancements in technology and greater attention to viruses will enhance our understanding of marine invertebrate holobionts.

中文翻译：

---

海洋无脊椎动物全息生物中的病毒：噬菌体和细菌共生体之间的复杂相互作用


海洋无脊椎动物在生态和经济上都很重要，它们通过与存在于其组织内部和上的细胞和非细胞微生物进化共生关系而形成全息生物。近几十年来，对共生细胞微生物的极大关注导致了各种功能的发现，并大大扩展了我们对全息功能的了解。尽管取得了这些进展，但我们对共生脱细胞微生物的了解仍然不足，阻碍了我们对海洋全息生物的全面理解的能力。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了丰富的病毒，特别强调了噬菌体;概述了它们的多样性，尤其是在广泛研究的海绵和珊瑚中;并检查它们的潜在生命周期。此外，我们还讨论了各种无脊椎动物的潜在噬菌体-全生物相互作用，包括参与初始细菌定植、维持共生关系以及导致或加剧海洋无脊椎动物的疾病。尽管这门学科很重要，但关于病毒如何促进海洋无脊椎动物生物的知识仍然有限。技术的进步和对病毒的更多关注将增强我们对海洋无脊椎动物全息生物的理解。