Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-enclosed particles that are involved in physiologic and pathologic processes. EVs are increasingly being studied for therapeutic applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Therapeutic application of stem cell–derived EVs has shown great potential to stimulate tissue repair. However, the exact mechanisms through which they induce this effect have not been fully clarified. This may to a large extent be attributed to a lack of knowledge on EV heterogeneity. Recent studies suggest that EVs represent a heterogeneous population of vesicles with distinct functions. The heterogeneity of EVs can be attributed to differences in their biogenesis, and as such, they can be classified into distinct populations that can then be further subcategorized into various subpopulations. A better understanding of EV heterogeneity is crucial for elucidating their mechanisms of action in tissue regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest insights on EV heterogeneity related to tissue repair, including the different characteristics that contribute to such heterogeneity and the functional differences among EV subtypes. It also sheds light on the challenges that hinder clinical translation of EVs. Additionally, innovative EV isolation techniques for studying EV heterogeneity are discussed. Improved knowledge of active EV subtypes would promote the development of tailored EV therapies and aid researchers in the translation of EV-based therapeutics to the clinic.

细胞外囊泡（EV）是细胞衍生的膜包裹颗粒，参与生理和病理过程。人们越来越多地研究电动汽车在再生医学领域的治疗应用。干细胞衍生的 EV 的治疗应用已显示出刺激组织修复的巨大潜力。然而，它们引起这种效应的确切机制尚未完全阐明。这在很大程度上可能是由于缺乏对电动汽车异质性的认识。最近的研究表明，EV 代表具有不同功能的异质囊泡群体。EV 的异质性可归因于其生物发生的差异，因此，它们可以分为不同的群体，然后可以进一步细分为不同的亚群体。更好地了解 EV 异质性对于阐明其在组织再生中的作用机制至关重要。本综述概述了与组织修复相关的 EV 异质性的最新见解，包括导致这种异质性的不同特征以及 EV 亚型之间的功能差异。它还揭示了阻碍电动汽车临床转化的挑战。此外，还讨论了用于研究 EV 异质性的创新 EV 隔离技术。提高对活性 EV 亚型的了解将促进定制 EV 疗法的开发，并帮助研究人员将基于 EV 的疗法转化为临床。本综述概述了与组织修复相关的 EV 异质性的最新见解，包括导致这种异质性的不同特征以及 EV 亚型之间的功能差异。它还揭示了阻碍电动汽车临床转化的挑战。此外，还讨论了用于研究 EV 异质性的创新 EV 隔离技术。提高对活性 EV 亚型的了解将促进定制 EV 疗法的开发，并帮助研究人员将基于 EV 的疗法转化为临床。本综述概述了与组织修复相关的 EV 异质性的最新见解，包括导致这种异质性的不同特征以及 EV 亚型之间的功能差异。它还揭示了阻碍电动汽车临床转化的挑战。此外，还讨论了用于研究 EV 异质性的创新 EV 隔离技术。提高对活性 EV 亚型的了解将促进定制 EV 疗法的开发，并帮助研究人员将基于 EV 的疗法转化为临床。讨论了用于研究 EV 异质性的创新 EV 隔离技术。提高对活性 EV 亚型的了解将促进定制 EV 疗法的开发，并帮助研究人员将基于 EV 的疗法转化为临床。讨论了用于研究 EV 异质性的创新 EV 隔离技术。提高对活性 EV 亚型的了解将促进定制 EV 疗法的开发，并帮助研究人员将基于 EV 的疗法转化为临床。