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Elemental composition and material properties of radular teeth in the heterobranch snail Gastropteron rubrum (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) foraging on hard organisms
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10332 Wencke Krings 1, 2, 3, 4 , Charlotte Neumann 2, 3 , Stanislav N Gorb 4 , Alexander Koehnsen 1, 2 , Heike Wägele 5
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10332 Wencke Krings 1, 2, 3, 4 , Charlotte Neumann 2, 3 , Stanislav N Gorb 4 , Alexander Koehnsen 1, 2 , Heike Wägele 5
Affiliation
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The molluscan feeding structure is the radula, a chitinous membrane with teeth, which are highly adapted to the food and the substrate to which the food is attached. In Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda, the handling of hard ingesta can be facilitated by high content of chemical compounds containing Fe or Si in the tooth cusps. Other taxa, however, possess teeth that are less mineralized, even though animals have to avoid structural failure or high wear during feeding as well. Here, we investigated the gastropod Gastropteron rubrum, feeding on hard Foraminifera, diatoms and Porifera. Tooth morphologies and wear were documented by scanning electron microscopy and their mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation. We determined that gradients of hard- and stiffness run along each tooth, decreasing from cusp to basis. We also found that inner lateral teeth were harder and stiffer than the outer ones. These findings allowed us to propose hypotheses about the radula-ingesta interaction. In search for the origins of the gradients, teeth were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy, to determine the degree of tanning, and analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, to test the elemental composition. We found that the mechanical gradients did not have their origins in the elemental content, as the teeth did not contain high proportions of metals or other minerals. This indicates that their origin might be the degree of tanning. However, in the tooth surfaces that interact with the ingesta high Si and Ca contents were determined, which is likely an adaptation to reduce wear.
中文翻译：
以硬生物为食的异分支蜗牛红腹足纲（软体动物、腹足纲、头足纲）齿根的元素组成和材料特性
软体动物的摄食结构是齿舌，这是一种带有牙齿的几丁质膜，它高度适应食物和食物附着的基质。在多板纲和盘腹足纲中，齿尖中含有高含量的铁或硅化合物可以促进硬食物的处理。然而，其他类群的牙齿矿化程度较低，尽管动物在进食过程中也必须避免结构破坏或高磨损。在这里，我们研究了以硬质有孔虫、硅藻和多孔动物为食的腹足动物Gastropteron rubrum 。通过扫描电子显微镜记录牙齿的形态和磨损，并通过纳米压痕测试其机械性能。我们确定，硬度和刚度的梯度沿着每个牙齿延伸，从尖端到基础逐渐减小。我们还发现内侧齿比外侧齿更硬、更硬。这些发现使我们能够提出关于齿舌-摄入相互作用的假设。为了寻找梯度的起源，使用共焦激光扫描显微镜对牙齿进行可视化，以确定晒黑的程度，并使用能量色散 X 射线光谱仪进行分析，以测试元素成分。我们发现机械梯度并非源于元素含量，因为牙齿不含有高比例的金属或其他矿物质。这表明它们的起源可能是晒黑的程度。然而，在与摄入物相互作用的牙齿表面中测定了高硅和钙含量，这可能是减少磨损的适应。
更新日期：2023-08-15
中文翻译：
以硬生物为食的异分支蜗牛红腹足纲（软体动物、腹足纲、头足纲）齿根的元素组成和材料特性
软体动物的摄食结构是齿舌，这是一种带有牙齿的几丁质膜，它高度适应食物和食物附着的基质。在多板纲和盘腹足纲中，齿尖中含有高含量的铁或硅化合物可以促进硬食物的处理。然而，其他类群的牙齿矿化程度较低，尽管动物在进食过程中也必须避免结构破坏或高磨损。在这里，我们研究了以硬质有孔虫、硅藻和多孔动物为食的腹足动物Gastropteron rubrum 。通过扫描电子显微镜记录牙齿的形态和磨损，并通过纳米压痕测试其机械性能。我们确定，硬度和刚度的梯度沿着每个牙齿延伸，从尖端到基础逐渐减小。我们还发现内侧齿比外侧齿更硬、更硬。这些发现使我们能够提出关于齿舌-摄入相互作用的假设。为了寻找梯度的起源，使用共焦激光扫描显微镜对牙齿进行可视化，以确定晒黑的程度，并使用能量色散 X 射线光谱仪进行分析，以测试元素成分。我们发现机械梯度并非源于元素含量，因为牙齿不含有高比例的金属或其他矿物质。这表明它们的起源可能是晒黑的程度。然而，在与摄入物相互作用的牙齿表面中测定了高硅和钙含量，这可能是减少磨损的适应。
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