银纳米颗粒在电化学免疫传感中的应用以及银-金电交换检测的出现,Chemical Communications

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银纳米颗粒在电化学免疫传感中的应用以及银-金电交换检测的出现
Chemical Communications ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 , DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02561f
Charuksha Walgama ₁ , Nikhil Raj ₂

Affiliation

基于纳米粒子的电化学免疫传感器由于纳米粒子的大表面积及其放大目标分子信号的能力而表现出对生物标志物检测的高灵敏度。此外，它们具有快速响应时间、相对较低的成本，并且可以轻松地小型化以用于现场护理应用。在贵金属中，纳米银颗粒（AgNPs）由于其独特的性能，如催化活性和优异的导电性，已广泛应用于电化学传感器。本专题文章介绍了将 AgNP 纳入电化学平台的六种方法，重点介绍了基于银-金电交换的检测策略的最新进展。除少数例外，许多检测方法都使用 AgNP 氧化成 Ag ⁺离子，然后将 Ag ⁺离子作为零价 Ag 金属电沉积到工作电极上，最后使用伏安技术进行剥离步骤。结合这些步骤可为各种生物标志物提供理想的低检测限和良好的灵敏度。其他一些方法涉及还原 Ag ⁺离子并使用试剂混合物将它们作为 Ag 金属沉积到电极上，以便可以进行条纹分析。通常，该试剂混合物包含Ag ⁺离子、还原剂或酶底物。此外，AgNPs 还被直接用于修饰电极表面，以促进动力学上有利的氧化还原介导的电化学反应。除了 Ag 检测方法外，本报告还将提供最新示例来说明 AgNP 的尺寸和形状如何影响电化学测定的检测限和灵敏度。最后，我们讨论了专门为基于银的金属免疫分析检测而设计的芯片实验室型免疫传感器的最新发展，我们预计本文将提供此类免疫分析系统的操作原理和新见解的全面总结。

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Silver nanoparticles in electrochemical immunosensing and the emergence of silver–gold galvanic exchange detection

Nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunosensors demonstrate high sensitivity toward biomarker detection due to the large surface area of the nanoparticles and their ability to amplify the signal of the target molecule. Additionally, they have a fast response time, relatively lower cost, and can be easily miniaturized for point-of-care applications. Among noble metals, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in electrochemical sensors due to their unique properties, such as catalytic activity and excellent electrical conductivity. This Feature Article describes six approaches for incorporating AgNPs in electrochemical platforms, featuring the most recent developments in the silver–gold galvanic exchange-based detection strategy. With a few exceptions, many of these detection methods use AgNP oxidation into Ag⁺ ions, followed by electrodeposition of Ag⁺ ions onto the working electrode as zero-valent Ag metal and a final stripping step using a voltammetric technique. Combining these steps provides desirable low detection limits and good sensitivity for various biomarkers. A few other methods involved the reduction of Ag⁺ ions and depositing them as Ag metal onto the electrode using a reagent mixture so that the striping analysis could be performed. Typically, this reagent mixture includes Ag⁺ ions, a reducing agent, or an enzyme substrate. Besides, AgNPs have also been directly used to modify the surface of electrodes to facilitate kinetically favored redox-mediated electrochemical reactions. In addition to Ag detection methods, this report will also provide recent examples to illustrate how the size and shape of AgNPs impact the detection limits and sensitivity of an electrochemical assay. Finally, we discuss recent developments in lab-on-a-chip type immunosensors designed explicitly for Ag-based metalloimmunoassay detection, and we envision that this article will provide a comprehensive summary of the operational principles and new insights into such immunoassay systems.

更新日期：2023-08-04

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