The science of volcanology advances disproportionately during exceptionally large or well-observed eruptions. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano (Hawai‘i) was its most impactful in centuries, involving an outpouring of more than one cubic kilometer of basalt, a magnitude 7 flank earthquake, and the volcano's largest summit collapse since at least the nineteenth century. Eruptive activity was documented in detail, yielding new insights into large caldera-rift eruptions; the geometry of a shallow magma storage-transport system and its interaction with rift zone tectonics; mechanisms of basaltic tephra-producing explosions; caldera collapse mechanics; and the dynamics of fissure eruptions and high-volume lava flows. Insights are broadly applicable to a range of volcanic systems and should reduce risk from future eruptions. Multidisciplinary collaboration will be required to fully leverage the diversity of monitoring data to address many of the most important outstanding questions. ▪Unprecedented observations of a caldera collapse and coupled rift zone eruption yield new opportunities for advancing volcano science.▪Magma flow to a low-elevation rift zone vent triggered quasi-periodic step-like collapse of a summit caldera, which pressurized the magma system and sustained the eruption.▪Kīlauea's magmatic-tectonic system is tightly interconnected over tens of kilometers, with complex feedback mechanisms and interrelated hazards over widely varying timescales.▪The eruption revealed magma stored in diverse locations, volumes, and compositions, not only beneath the summit but also within the volcano's most active rift zone.

中文翻译：

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2018 年基拉韦厄火山喷发：火山科学的见解、谜题和机遇


火山学科学在异常大或观测充分的喷发期间不成比例地进步。2018 年基拉韦厄火山（夏威夷）的喷发是几个世纪以来影响最大的一次，涉及超过 1 立方公里的玄武岩喷发、7 级侧震以及至少自 19 世纪以来最大的山顶崩塌。火山喷发活动被详细记录下来，为大型破火山口裂谷喷发提供了新的见解;浅层岩浆储存-运输系统的几何形状及其与裂谷带构造的相互作用;玄武岩产火山灰爆炸的机制;Caldera Collapse 力学;以及裂缝喷发和大量熔岩流的动力学。见解广泛适用于一系列火山系统，应该可以降低未来喷发的风险。需要多学科合作，以充分利用监测数据的多样性来解决许多最重要的悬而未决的问题。▪对破火山口崩塌和耦合裂谷带喷发的空前观测为推进火山科学提供了新的机会。▪岩浆流向低海拔裂谷带喷口引发了山顶破火山口的准周期性阶梯状坍塌，给岩浆系统加压并维持了喷发。▪基拉韦厄的岩浆构造系统在数十公里的范围内紧密相连，在广泛的时间尺度上具有复杂的反馈机制和相互关联的危害。 ▪揭示了储存在不同位置、体积和成分中的岩浆，不仅在山顶下方，而且在火山最活跃的裂谷带内。