The European Green Deal aims to mitigate the environmental impact of food production while improving the income of primary producers and strengthening the EU's competitiveness. We examine how the degree of ecologisation affects farms' total factor productivity (TFP). Our analysis combines a random-parameter stochastic production frontier model with a composite indicator and a dose–response function approach. Results show a monotonically decreasing relationship between ecologisation and expected TFP level. On average, a one-step increase in the degree of ecologisation results in a 12% decrease in TFP. However, the results indicate a non-linear relationship. Three regions of the dose–response function can be distinguished; associated with high, medium and low degrees of ecologisation. In a region with a low degree of ecologisation, farms can increase the degree of ecologisation without reducing TFP. Both efficiency and technological differences contribute to these differences, but the main reason is technological. With increasing ecologisation, farm technology becomes more ‘land using’. Therefore, farms can increase their TFP and degree of ecologisation simultaneously by using land-saving technologies or through sustainable intensification.

中文翻译：

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农场生态化与全要素生产率之间的关系：连续处理分析

欧洲绿色新政旨在减轻粮食生产对环境的影响，同时提高初级生产者的收入并增强欧盟的竞争力。我们研究生态化程度如何影响农场的全要素生产率（TFP）。我们的分析将随机参数随机生产前沿模型与复合指标和剂量反应函数方法相结合。结果显示生态化与预期 TFP 水平之间呈单调递减关系。平均而言，生态化程度每提高一步，全要素生产率就会下降12%。然而，结果表明存在非线性关系。剂量反应函数可分为三个区域：与高、中、低生态化程度相关。在生态化程度较低的地区，农场可以在不降低全要素生产率的情况下提高生态化程度。效率和技术差异都造成了这些差异，但主要原因是技术。随着生态化程度的提高，农业技术变得更加“土地利用”。因此，农场可以通过使用节地技术或通过可持续集约化同时提高其全要素生产率和生态化程度。