This article reviews the application and technology advancement of gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal (LM) in high-frequency circuits and antennas. It discusses the material properties of common LMs, the fluidic channels used to contain LM and their manufacturing techniques, and the actuation techniques, which are all critical for the design and implementation of LM-based devices. LM’s fluidic and pliable nature, together with its excellent electrical, thermal, and rheological (i.e., fluid flow) properties, provides some unique and innovative solutions to flexible/wearable electronics, reconfigurable circuits, and antennas. This article provides a comprehensive review of a wide range of LM-enabled high-frequency circuits and antennas, including interconnects and transitions, reconfigurable passive circuits (such as resonators, filters, and couplers), switches, phase shifters, reconfigurable antennas, flexible and wearable antennas, and metamaterials (i.e., periodic materials with properties not found in nature). This article presents various design concepts and implementation techniques, highlights key capabilities, and discusses the challenges and opportunities with the use of Ga-based LM materials.

中文翻译：

---

采用镓基液态金属的电路和天线

本文综述了镓（Ga）基液态金属（LM）在高频电路和天线中的应用和技术进展。它讨论了常见 LM 的材料特性、用于容纳 LM 的流体通道及其制造技术以及驱动技术，这些对于基于 LM 的设备的设计和实现都至关重要。LM 的流体和柔韧特性，连同其出色的电、热和流变（即流体流动）特性，为柔性/可穿戴电子产品、可重构电路和天线提供了一些独特和创新的解决方案。本文全面回顾了各种支持 LM 的高频电路和天线，包括互连和转换、可重构无源电路（例如谐振器、滤波器和耦合器）、开关、移相器、可重构天线、柔性和可穿戴天线以及超材料（即具有自然界中未发现的特性的周期性材料）。本文介绍了各种设计概念和实现技术，重点介绍了关键功能，并讨论了使用 Ga 基 LM 材料所面临的挑战和机遇。