The long-tailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus, represents a threat for several crops worldwide and has become the main pest of Mediterranean persimmon. Parasitoids are the primary natural enemies of P. longispinus, but their efficacy is highly variable among crops and countries. Here, we tested whether hyperparasitoids hinder the biological control of P. longispinus in Mediterranean persimmon. For this aim, we sampled 16 orchards across two consecutive years and measured the impact of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids on P. longispinus. Anagyrus fusciventris was the most abundant and widely distributed primary parasitoid. Population growth rate of the mealybug became negative when parasitism was higher than 30%. The hyperparasitoids Chartocerus sp. and Prochiloneurus sp. emerged mostly from large mealybug mummies that were used by A. fusciventris females. However, and contrary to our hypothesis, hyperparasitism did not affect the population growth rate of P. longispinus within the same year, suggesting that the high abundance of hyperparasitoids did not disrupt the biological control of this invasive mealybug. Based on these results, we propose several strategies based on conservation and augmentative biological control to improve the management of P. longispinus in persimmon.

长尾粉虱（Pseudococcus longispinus）对全世界多种作物构成威胁，并已成为地中海柿子的主要害虫。寄生蜂是长刺拟寄生物的主要天敌，但其功效在不同作物和国家之间差异很大。在这里，我们测试了超寄生蜂是否会阻碍地中海柿子中P. longispinus的生物防治。为此，我们连续两年对 16 个果园进行了采样，测量了初级寄生蜂和超寄生蜂对长毛拟寄生蜂的影响。黑腹龙是数量最多、分布最广的初级寄生蜂。当粉蚧寄生率高于30%时，其种群增长率变为负值。超寄生蜂Chartocerus sp. 和Prochiloneurus sp。大部分是从雌性粉蚧使用的大型粉蚧木乃伊中出现的。然而，与我们的假设相反，过度寄生并没有影响同年P. longispinus的种群增长率，这表明大量的超寄生蜂并没有破坏这种入侵性粉虱的生物控制。基于这些结果，我们提出了几种基于保护和增强生物防治的策略，以改善柿子中长刺黑霉的管理。